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Statistics Ch. 7-8
Confidence Intervals, Hypothesis Testing etc
15
Mathematics
Undergraduate 2
10/25/2009

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Term
Confidence Interval
Definition
the interval to be constructed that specifies the range of values that we are relatively confidents the population mean falls within; stated in terms of a probability or percentage; the one used most commonly by researchers in behavioral sciences is the 95% confidence interval
Term
Confidence Limits 
Definition
define the boundaries of the confidence interval
Term
Confidence Interval when the standard deviation of a sampling distribution is known
Definition
uses z-scores; uses the standard normal distribution as a model; 
Term
Confidence Intervals when the standard deviation of a sample distribution is unknown
Definition
uses the t-distribution; used also because the standard normal distribution is not always the best model
Term
When is the standard normal distribution a good fit?
Definition

a. when N is sufficiently large

b. when the scores are randomly selected from a population that is normally distributed

Term
When does a t-distribution provide a better model than does the standard normal distribution? 
Definition
when o` is unknown; which is virtually always
Term
Degrees of Freedom
Definition
the number of independent pieces of information needed to determine a statistic; (N-1)
Term
Two Goals of Inferential Statistics
Definition

1. make unbiased estimates

2. assess error made when making estimates

Term
Standard Error
Definition
the standard deviation of a sampling distribution
Term
Standard Error of the Mean
Definition
the standard deviation of a sampling distribution for an estimate of the mean
Term
How can we calculate unbiased estimators of o`2 and o`?
Definition
by dividing SS by its degrees of freedom
Term
S tends to __________ o`
Definition
underestimate; thus it is an unbiased estimator
Term
So how do we get an unbiased estimator of o`?
Definition
By dividing SS by its degrees of freedom (n-1)
Term
What does the standard error of the mean estimate?
Definition
It estimates the typical amount of error made when using X` to estimate u
Term
The greater the absolute value of the hypothesis testing statistic...
Definition
 the greater the size of the apparent effect relative to sampling error
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