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| one in which all authority is derived from a central authority |
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| a league of sovereign states in which a limited central government exercises few independent powers |
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| a means of dividing the power and functions of government and a specified number of geographically defined regional jurisdictions |
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| any groups of citizens or interests united in a cause or action that can threaten the rights or interests of the larger community |
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| those powers expressively given to the national government, primarily in article 1, section 8, of the constitution |
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| enumerated (delegated) powers |
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| those powers granted by the constitution to both the national and state governments |
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| a theory holding that the national government is dominant over the states |
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| nation-centered federalism |
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| a theory holding that the national government represents a voluntary compact or agreement between the states, which retain a dominant government |
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| state-centered federalism |
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| those powers residing with the states by virtue of the tenth amendment |
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| the amendment to the constitution, ratified in 1971, reserving powers to the state |
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| a theory of federalism that became the foundation for states' rights arguments |
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| article VI (6) of the constitution, which makes national laws superior to state laws |
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| national supremacy clause |
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| portion of Article 1, section 8, of the constitution that authorizes congress to enact all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its responsibilities |
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| necessary and proper clause |
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| those powers that are not expressly granted by the constitution but are inferred from the enumerated powers |
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| part of article 1, section 8, of the US constitution, which gives congress the power to regulate trade with foreign countries and among the states |
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| the portion of article 1, section 8, of the constitution that provides for the general welfare of the united states |
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| enacted in 1868, this amendment contains citizenship rights, due process, and equal protection provisions that states must apply to all citizens |
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| enacted in 1913, an amendment that grants the national government the power to levy income taxes |
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| the principle that national laws take precedence over state laws |
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| a model of federalism in which the responsibilities and activities of the national and state governments are separate and distinct |
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| a model of federalism that stresses the linkages and joint arrangements among the three levels of government |
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| a model fo cooperative federalism in which many new grants-in-aid, including direct national- local financial arrangements, were made |
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| a model that represents a return of powers and responsibilities to the states |
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| a "no-strings" form of financial aid from one level of government to another |
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| the delegating of power and programs from the federal to state and local governments |
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| an intergovernmental transfer of funds or other assets, subject to conditions |
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| a form of financial aid from one level of government to another to be used for a narrowly defined purpose |
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| a form of financial aid from one level of government to another for use in a broad, functional area |
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| a funding mechanism that automatically allocates monies based on conditions in the recipient government |
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| a funding mechanism that awards monies based on the strength of an applicant government's proposal |
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| a requirement that a state or local government undertake a specific activity or provide a particular service as a condition of funding |
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| requirements in block grants that assign a certain percentage of an expenditure for a particular activity |
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