sweet, salty, warm Kd, Lv

tonify Kd yang, regulate Chong/Ren, strengthen Dai, tonify Kd to strengthen sinews and bones, tonify Qi and Blood, also for uterine bleeding and yin type sores and ulceration that is lingering

CI in cases of yin xu w ascendant Yang, heat in blood level, blazing St fire, phlegm heat in Lu, warm febrile disease

sweet, salty, warm, LI, Kd

tonify Kd yang, moistens intestines and unblocks bowels for constipation due to dry intestines, used in women for cold womb from xu

CI in cases of yin xu w vigorous fire, or patients w loose stools and diarrhea, also for constipation due to excess heat

sweet, warm, LI, Kd, Lv

tonify Kd and fortifies Yang, moistens intestines and unblocks bowels, augment blood and essence, also for atrophy disorder from Lv/Kd disorder

CI in cases of yin xu w vigorous fire, Sp xu w loose stools and diarrhea, in constipation d/t dry intestines

acrid, hot, toxic, Kd, Lv

warms Kd, and strengthens Yang, strengthens sinews and bones and expels wind cold damp bi syndrome, used for infertility from either cold womb or cold essence

paired w Yin Yang Huo for premature ovarian decline

CI in cases of yin xu w vigorous fire

acrid, sweet, warm, Kd, Lv

warms Kd and fortifies Yang, strengthens bones and sinews, expels WCD bi syndrome, recently used for menopause, hypertension d/t Kd yin and yang xu, tonify Yin/Yang to increase libido

paired w Xian Mao for premature ovarian decline

CI in cases of yin xu w vigorous fire

acrid, sweet, warm, Kd, Lv

tonify Kd and fortify Yang, strengthens bones and sinews, and expel WCD

CI for patients w either damp heat or heat from yin xu

sweet, sl acrid, warm, Kd, Lv

tonifies Lv and Kd and strengthens sinews and bones, tonifies Kd and calms fetus for cold xu Kd pattern w bleeding, also to prevent miscarriage, aid in smooth flow of Qi and Blood, recently used for hypertension d/t Kd xu w Lv yang rising

CI in heat from yin xu, salt water fried to increase Kd tonic properties

bitter, acrid, sl warm, Kd, Lv

tonifies Lv and Kd, strengthens sinews and bones, tonifies Kd, stops bleeding for bleeding during pregnancy, calms fetus, generate flesh (for trauma)

fried w wine to enhance ability to treat traumatic injury

fired w salty water to enhance ability to tonify Kd

charred for stopping bleeding

bitter, sweet, warm, Kd, Lv

tonifies Lv and Kd, strengthens bones and sinews, expels WCD bi syndrome w Lv and Kd xu, also for Kd xu causing frequent urination

CI in cases w urinary difficulty or heat from yin xu

bitter, warm, Kd, Lv

tonifies Kd, promotes mending of sinews and bones for traumatic injury and fracture, stims growth of hair

acrid, bitter, very warm, Kd, Sp

tonifies Kd and fortifies yang, warms Kd and Sp, stops diarrhea, aids Kd to grasp Qi and calms wheezing, recently used topically for alopecia, psoriasis, vitiligo

CI in deficient yin patterns w heat signs or constipation

acrid, warm, Kd, Sp

warms Kd and retains essence, holds in urine, warms Sp and Kd and stop diarrhea, retains saliva due to abdominal cold pain due to Sp/St deficient cold, sp xu causing excessive saliva

CI in cases of heat

sweet, warm, Kd, Li, Lu

tonifies Kd and strengthen back and knees, augments Lu and help Kd to grasp Qi and calm wheezing, moisten intestines and unblocks bowels

CI in cases of yin xu w vigorous heat, or coughing and wheezing due to phlegm heat, or patients w loose stools and diarrhea

acrid, sweet, neutral

Kd, Lv

tonifies Kd and secures essence for lower back pain etc, tonifies Lv and improves vision due to Lv/Kd xu, used for diarrhea due to Sp xu and Xiao Ke syndrome due to Kd xu