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State and Local Government
Final Exam Notes
53
Law
Undergraduate 1
12/05/2013

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Cards

Term
Dillon's Rule
Definition
the legal principle that says local government can exercise only the powers granted to them by state government
Term
Rural Flight
Definition
the movement of rural youth and the middle class to more urban areas
Term
Home Rule
Definition
the right of localities to self-government, usually granted through a charter
Term
Capital Outlays
Definition
a category of school funding that focuses on long-term improvements to physical assets
Term
Metropolitan Area
Definition
a populous region typically compromising a city and surrounding communities that have a high degree of social and economic integration
Term
Charter
Definition
a document that outlines the powers, organization, and responsibilities of a local government
Term
Metropolitan Statistical Area
Definition
an area with a city of 50,000 or more people, together with adjacent urban communities that have strong ties to the central city
Term
Kentucky Education Reform Act
Definition
the 1990 law passed in response to court funding of unacceptable disparities among schools in Kentucky and considered the most comprehensive state school reform act to date
Term
General Act Charters
Definition
charter that grant powers, such as home rule, to all municipal governments within a state
Term
Special Act Charters
Definition
charters that grant powers, such as home rule, to a single municipal government
Term
Elementary and Secondary Education
Definition
federal law passed in 1965 as part of President Johnson's Great Society initiative; steered federal funds to improve local schools, particularly those attended primarily by low-income and minority students
Term
Edgeless Cities
Definition
office and retail complexes without clear boundaries
Term
Council Executive System
Definition
a form of county governance where legislative powers are vested in a county commission and executive powers are vested in an independently elected executive
Term
Sprawl
Definition
the rapid growth of a metropolitan area, typically as a result of specific types of zoning and development
Term
Home Schooling
Definition
the education of children in the home; a movement to grant waivers from state truancy laws to permit parents to teach their own children
Term
Town Meeting Form of Government
Definition
a form of governance in which legislative powers are held by the local citizens
Term
Zoning Laws
Definition
regulations that control how land can be used
Term
Ward, or District Elections
Definition
Elections in which voters in a municipal ward vote for a candidate to represent the on a council or commission
Term
School Voucher Movement
Definition
movement dating to the 1950s to allow taxpayers dollars to be given to families to use at whatever public, private, or parochial school they choose
Term
Low-Density Development
Definition
development practices that spread (rather than concentrate) populations across the land
Term
At-Large Elections
Definition
elections in which city or county voters vote for council or commission members
Term
Leapfrog Development
Definition
developments that jump-or leapfrog- over established developments, leaving undeveloped or underdeveloped land between developments
Term
City Council
Definition
a municipality's legislature
Term
School District
Definition
local administrative jurisdictions that hire staff and report to school boards on the management of area public schools
Term
Impact Fees
Definition
fees that municipalities charge builders of new housing or commercial developments to help offset the costs of extending services
Term
City Manager
Definition
an official appointed to be the chief administrator of a municipality
Term
Car Dependent Living
Definition
owning a car for transportation becoming a necessity; an outcome of low-density development
Term
State Board of Education
Definition
the policymaking body in each of the 50 states, usually consisting of appointees selected by governors
Term
Mayor Council System
Definition
a form of municipal governance in which there is an elected executive and an elected legislature
Term
White Flight
Definition
a demographic trend in which the middle and upper class leave central cities for predominantly white suburbs
Term
County Commission System
Definition
form of county governance in which executive, legislative, and administrative powers are vested in elected commissioners
Term
No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
Definition
federal law enacted in January 2002 that introduced new accountability measures for elementary and secondary schools in all states that wish to receive federal aid
Term
Commission Administration System
Definition
a form of county governance where executive and legislative powers reside with an elected commission, which hires a professional executive to manage the day-to-day operations of government
Term
School Board
Definition
elected or appointed bodies that determine major policies and budgets for each of the nation's schools districts
Term
Cities
Definition
incorporated political jurisdictions formed to provide self-governance to a locality
Term
Townships
Definition
local governments whose powers, governance structure, and legal status vary considerably from state to state. In some states, they function as general purpose municipalities; in others, they are geographical subdivisions of counties with few responsibilities and little power
Term
National PTA
Definition
umbrella organization founded in 1897 consisting of state-based and school-based parent-teacher associations of volunteers who work to improve and support schools
Term
Regional Council
Definition
a planning and advisory organization whose members include multiple local governments. They often are used to administer state and federal programs that target regions
Term
Mayor
Definition
the elected chief executive of a municipality
Term
Teachers' Union
Definition
public sector unions that organize employees at all educational levels to form state and local affiliates. In the U.S., primarily the National Education Association (NEA) and the American Federation of Teachers (AFT); both headquartered in Washington, D.C.
Term
Strong Mayor System
Definition
a municipal government in which the mayor has the power to perform the executive functions of government
Term
Smart Growth
Definition
environmentally friendly development practices, particularly those that emphasize more efficient infrastructure and less dependence on automobiles
Term
Weak Mayor System
Definition
a municipal government in which the mayor lacks true executive powers, such as the ability to veto council decisions or appoint department heads
Term
Charter Schools
Definition
public schools, often with unique themes, managed by teachers, principals, social workers, or nonprofit groups. The movement was launched in the early 1990s
Term
Wards
Definition
division of municipalities, usually representing electoral districts of the city council
Term
City-Council Consolidation
Definition
the merger of separate local governments in an effort to reduce bureaucratic redundancy and service inefficiencies
Term
Council Manager System
Definition
a form of municipal governance in which the day-to-day administration of government is carried out by a professional administrator
Term
Annexation
Definition
the legal incorporation of one jurisdiction or territory into another
Term
City Commission System
Definition
a form of municipal governance in which executive, legislative, and administrative powers are vested in elected city commissioners
Term
Gentrification
Definition
the physical rehabilitation of urban areas, which attracts investment from developers and drives up property values
Term
Special Districts
Definition
local governmental units created for a single purpose, such as water distribution
Term
Municipalities
Definition
political jurisdictions, such as cities, villages, or towns incorporated under state law to provide governance to a defined geographical area; make compact and densely populated than counties
Term
Counties
Definition
a geographical subdivisions of state government
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