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| the legal principle that says local government can exercise only the powers granted to them by state government |
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| the movement of rural youth and the middle class to more urban areas |
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| the right of localities to self-government, usually granted through a charter |
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| a category of school funding that focuses on long-term improvements to physical assets |
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| a populous region typically compromising a city and surrounding communities that have a high degree of social and economic integration |
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| a document that outlines the powers, organization, and responsibilities of a local government |
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| Metropolitan Statistical Area |
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| an area with a city of 50,000 or more people, together with adjacent urban communities that have strong ties to the central city |
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| Kentucky Education Reform Act |
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| the 1990 law passed in response to court funding of unacceptable disparities among schools in Kentucky and considered the most comprehensive state school reform act to date |
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| charter that grant powers, such as home rule, to all municipal governments within a state |
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| charters that grant powers, such as home rule, to a single municipal government |
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| Elementary and Secondary Education |
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| federal law passed in 1965 as part of President Johnson's Great Society initiative; steered federal funds to improve local schools, particularly those attended primarily by low-income and minority students |
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| office and retail complexes without clear boundaries |
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| a form of county governance where legislative powers are vested in a county commission and executive powers are vested in an independently elected executive |
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| the rapid growth of a metropolitan area, typically as a result of specific types of zoning and development |
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| the education of children in the home; a movement to grant waivers from state truancy laws to permit parents to teach their own children |
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| Town Meeting Form of Government |
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| a form of governance in which legislative powers are held by the local citizens |
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| regulations that control how land can be used |
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| Ward, or District Elections |
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| Elections in which voters in a municipal ward vote for a candidate to represent the on a council or commission |
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| movement dating to the 1950s to allow taxpayers dollars to be given to families to use at whatever public, private, or parochial school they choose |
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| development practices that spread (rather than concentrate) populations across the land |
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| elections in which city or county voters vote for council or commission members |
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| developments that jump-or leapfrog- over established developments, leaving undeveloped or underdeveloped land between developments |
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| a municipality's legislature |
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| local administrative jurisdictions that hire staff and report to school boards on the management of area public schools |
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| fees that municipalities charge builders of new housing or commercial developments to help offset the costs of extending services |
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| an official appointed to be the chief administrator of a municipality |
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| owning a car for transportation becoming a necessity; an outcome of low-density development |
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| the policymaking body in each of the 50 states, usually consisting of appointees selected by governors |
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| a form of municipal governance in which there is an elected executive and an elected legislature |
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| a demographic trend in which the middle and upper class leave central cities for predominantly white suburbs |
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| form of county governance in which executive, legislative, and administrative powers are vested in elected commissioners |
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| No Child Left Behind (NCLB) |
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| federal law enacted in January 2002 that introduced new accountability measures for elementary and secondary schools in all states that wish to receive federal aid |
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| Commission Administration System |
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| a form of county governance where executive and legislative powers reside with an elected commission, which hires a professional executive to manage the day-to-day operations of government |
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| elected or appointed bodies that determine major policies and budgets for each of the nation's schools districts |
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| incorporated political jurisdictions formed to provide self-governance to a locality |
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| local governments whose powers, governance structure, and legal status vary considerably from state to state. In some states, they function as general purpose municipalities; in others, they are geographical subdivisions of counties with few responsibilities and little power |
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| umbrella organization founded in 1897 consisting of state-based and school-based parent-teacher associations of volunteers who work to improve and support schools |
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| a planning and advisory organization whose members include multiple local governments. They often are used to administer state and federal programs that target regions |
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| the elected chief executive of a municipality |
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| public sector unions that organize employees at all educational levels to form state and local affiliates. In the U.S., primarily the National Education Association (NEA) and the American Federation of Teachers (AFT); both headquartered in Washington, D.C. |
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| a municipal government in which the mayor has the power to perform the executive functions of government |
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| environmentally friendly development practices, particularly those that emphasize more efficient infrastructure and less dependence on automobiles |
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| a municipal government in which the mayor lacks true executive powers, such as the ability to veto council decisions or appoint department heads |
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| public schools, often with unique themes, managed by teachers, principals, social workers, or nonprofit groups. The movement was launched in the early 1990s |
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| division of municipalities, usually representing electoral districts of the city council |
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| City-Council Consolidation |
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| the merger of separate local governments in an effort to reduce bureaucratic redundancy and service inefficiencies |
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| a form of municipal governance in which the day-to-day administration of government is carried out by a professional administrator |
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| the legal incorporation of one jurisdiction or territory into another |
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| a form of municipal governance in which executive, legislative, and administrative powers are vested in elected city commissioners |
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| the physical rehabilitation of urban areas, which attracts investment from developers and drives up property values |
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| local governmental units created for a single purpose, such as water distribution |
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| political jurisdictions, such as cities, villages, or towns incorporated under state law to provide governance to a defined geographical area; make compact and densely populated than counties |
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| a geographical subdivisions of state government |
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