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| Articles of Condederation |
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| The country's first constitution, ratified in March, 1781 |
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| An artificial campaign orchestrated by an interest group to appear as though it is growign naturally from the grassroots. |
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| Ratified in December 1791, the first 10 amendments to t U.S. Consstitution ensure the protection of individuals and the states from teh national government. |
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| Fixed-sum federal grants allocated by formula giving state and local governments broad leeway in designing and implementing designated programs. |
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| Grants from the federal government to states and cities that are for specific purposes defined by Congress. |
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| Used by parties to nominate candidates, with party members informally meeting, deliberating, and casting a vote for their preferred candidate. |
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| A primary nomination election in which voters registered with a political party are permitted to vote only for candidates of the party with whom they are registered. |
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| A federalist arrangement whereby the federal government spearheads and funds programs; also referred to as creative federalism. |
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| Gives Congress the power "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among, the several states, and with teh Indian Tribes." Used by Congress to expand its power vis-a-vis the states. |
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| An approach to political analysis that entails comparing units of anaysis on more than one characteristic to help understand the relationships among those characteristics. |
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| also known as a confederacy, a system of governance whereby the national government is subject to teh control of subnational, autonomous governments. |
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| A professional lobbyist who temporarily works on behalf of a client. |
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| A federalism arrangement whereby responsibilities for most governmental functoins are interdependent, shared between the federal and state governments. |
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| Descriptive representation |
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| The idea that a representative should reflect the characteristics of the people who she represents. Characterisicscould include race, ethnicity, gender, and other traits related to teh identity of the representative's consitutents. |
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| An election in which voters select one candidate affiliated with a political party for each elected office; the party nominees later face one another in a general election. |
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| A macro-level theory that assumes groups emerge in response to societal changes. |
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| When two of the three legs of the legislative porcess are controlled by different parties. |
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| A system of federalism whereby governmental functions are apportioned so that the national and subnatnal governments are accoreded sovereign power within their respective spheres; sometimes referred to as "layer cake" fedralism |
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| A system of federalism whereby governmental functions are apportioned so that the national and subnatnal governments are accoreded sovereign power within their respective spheres; sometimes referred to as "layer cake" fedralism |
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| Generating newswrorthy events or stories for free publicity. |
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| explicitly supporting or opposing candidates or political parties, including recruiting and endorsing candidates, fundraising, phone banking, canvassing, and advertising |
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| The structural relationship between a national government and its constituive states |
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| When the benefit of some valuable good or service cannot be restricted to those who pay for it |
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| A federal grant-in-aid program that provides financial aid to subnational units, but does not prescribe how those units are to allocate funding. |
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| The process of drawing governmental district boundaries for political advantage. |
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| Incorporation of the Bill of Rights |
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| A legal doctrine whereby parts of teh U.S. Bill of Rights are applied to teh states through teh Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause |
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| A professional lobbyist who is a permanent employee of an interest group |
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| A formally organized body of individuals, organizaions, or public or prive enterprises sharing common goals and joining in a collective attempt to influence the electoral and policy-making process. |
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| A form of political speech focusing on issues of pubblic concern that mentions issues and the positions taken on those issues by elected officials or candidates, but stops short of expressly advocating the support or defeat of those elected officials or candidates. |
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| The power of a surpreme court to judge whether a law is in violation of the state constitution and, if so, to nullify that law |
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| Legislation approved by the legislature, but referred to the voters for final approval. Some legislation, like constitional amendments or bond issues, must be referred to voters for final approval. |
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| Post-Civil War rules that denied blacks the vote; literacy tests included tests designed to be too difficult for most people to pass. the test could ask people to interpret passages from the U.S. Constitution, and allowed local officials the discretion to judge if answers were right or wrong. White who would fail the tests could vote vased on a grandfather clause. |
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| Communicating with elected officials in general, as well as the systematic effort to shape public policy by pressuring governmental officals to make decisions in line with the goals of an organizedrest. The term lobbying comes from the fact that representatives were often approached in the lobby of legislative buildings. |
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| Majority-minority district |
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| Legislative districts where district lines are drawn so that people from a specific minority group comprise a majority of voters in the district. |
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| The benefiting of private, organized interests in an interest group system. |
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| Necessary and Proper Clause |
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| Known also as the elastic clause, it grants Congress the power to make all laws that shall be "necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers," that is, the other congressional powers listed in Arictle 1, Section 8 of the Consitution |
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| Necessary and Proper Clause |
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Definition
| Known also as the elastic clause, it grants Congress the power to make all laws that shall be "necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers," that is, the other congressional powers listed in Arictle 1, Section 8 of the Consitution |
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| Necessary and Proper Clause |
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Definition
| Known also as the elastic clause, it grants Congress the power to make all laws that shall be "necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers," that is, the other congressional powers listed in Arictle 1, Section 8 of the Consitution |
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| Signed into law by President George W. Bush in January 2002, the bipartisan act greatly expanded teh role of the federal government in K-12 public education. the law requires an annual assessments of student performance, requiring that children and schools attain adequate yearly progress |
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| A constitutional theory, advanced most notably by John C. Calhoun and other advocates of states' rights, espousing the right of a state to declare null and void a law passed by the U.S. Congress that the state found to be unconstitutional or disagreeable |
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| A primary nomination electoin. Any registered voter, including independents, can participate. Voters most decide which party's primary they will participate in, and can choose only among that party's canidates. |
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| The difference between the general population of eligible voters and the people who actually participate in elections. Bias in participation exists if participants are substantially different than nonparticipants. |
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| Also known as PID, it is the strength of an individual's attachment to a political party. |
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| Groups togetherall candidates running for different political offices by their party affiliation, making straight-ticket voting possible. |
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| Favors and benefits that elected officials provide their supporters. Nineteenth century party machines used city jobs as one source of pronage to reward loyal supporters. |
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| A relatively coherent and consistent set of beliefs about who ought to rule, what principles ought to be used to govern, and what policies rulers ought to pursue |
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| The rules, laws, and organizations through which and by which government functions |
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| A tax or fee that must be paid in order to secure the right to registe or to vote |
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| Legislation approved by the legislature that is put to a popular vote as a result of asuccessful petition for a referendum. It allows voters to ahve the finl decision on legislation written by elected officials. |
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| An interest that is yet to be organized but has some latent acceptance in society. |
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| An interest that is yet to be organized but has some latent acceptance in society. |
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| policies or actions providing broad benefits, rather than narrow benefits to a specific group |
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| A vote to remove an elected offical from public office. Recall proposals qualify it sufficient signatures are collected. |
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| The provision by a group of some material, purposive, or solidarity incentive that can be enjoyed only by members of thh group |
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| A public policy that requires a subnational government to pay for an activity or project established by the ederal government. |
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| A system of governance with a strong central government that controls virtually all aspects of its contitutive subnational governments. |
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