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a negative reference to the outward extension of new low-density residential and commerical development from the central city |
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an economic theory that asserts that families and businesses in metropolitan areas can maximize their prefererences for services and taxes by choosing locations among multiple local govts |
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| selection of empolyees for govt agencies on the basis of competence, with no consideration of an individual's poltical loyalties or support |
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the extent to which an elected official must answer to his constituents - The freq of appt to elected office - The effective constituency is very small - Limited contact with citizens - The infrequency of electoral defeat - The frequency of voluntary retirement from elected office |
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| the chief executive of a city government, who is appointed by the city council and responsible to it |
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| the elected chief executive of the city govt |
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| in local govt, an elected member of the governing body |
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| in local govt, usually voters deciding whether or not to approve a bond issue and increased taxation for a specific project |
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| a tightly disciplined political organization, historically centered in big cities, which traded patronage jobs, public contracts, services, and favors for votes |
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| a city of 50,000 or more people together with adjacent counties with predominantly urban populations and with close ties to the central city |
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| multiple governmental jurisdictions, including cities, townships, school districts, and special districts, all operating in a single metro area |
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| private associations of neighborhood home owners who are required by property deeds to obey their rules and pay their dues |
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| the judicial process by which govt can take private property for public use by providing fair (just) compensation |
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| local govt ordinances that divide communities into various residential, commercial, and industrial zones, and that require landowners to use their land in conformity with the regulations for the zone in which it is located |
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| local govt regulations requiring building permits and inspections of new construction to ensure compliance with detailed specifications |
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| an acronym for "not in my backyard" referring to residents who oppose nearby public or private projects or developments |
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| federal grants, tax incentives, and loans to communities to revitalize distressed areas |
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| abandoned, idle or underused industrial or commerical property which may be environmentally contaminated |
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| schools emphasizing instruction in particular areas in an effort to improve quality and attract students |
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| schools operated with public funds by private community groups under a charter from public school districts |
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| givent to parents to pay for their children's education at schools of their own choosing, redeemable by the schools in public funds from the state and school district |
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| the chief exec officer of a school district; may be directly elected or appointed by the school board |
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| the 1st amendment clause of the US constitution, interpreted by the Supreme Court to prohibit states from closing religious schools or forcing all students to attend public schools |
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| the 1st Amendment clause of the US constitution, interpreted by the Supreme Court to prohibit govt from aiding religious education or conducting religious ceremonies at schools |
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| the percentage of the population whose annual cash income falls below that which is required, according to the federal govt, to maintain a decent standard of living |
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| people who would be poor if there were no government welfare or Social Security programs |
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| people who fall below the poverty line after costing out the value of in-kind govt benefits |
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| The federal govts Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance program; for all employed Americans it is a compulsory program |
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| Supplemental Security Income (SSI) |
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| direct federal cash assistance to the needy aged, blind, and disabled |
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| Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) |
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| Federal aid for state programs of cash assistance to poor families; replaced the AFDC federal entitlement program |
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| officially, teh TANF program enacted in 1996, which included the "devolution" of responsibility for cash assistance programs to the states |
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| federal health insurance for the aged |
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| federal aid to the states to provide health insurance for the poor |
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| Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) |
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| private health-care orgs that provide medical services for fixed fees |
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| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
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| The sum of all the goods and services produced in the US ina year; a measure of the size of the US economy |
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| taxes that require high-income groups to pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes than low-income groups |
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| taxes that take a larger share of the income of low income groups than of high-income groups |
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| proportional taxes that require income groups to pay the same percentage of their income in taxes |
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| as a form of govt revenue, charges levied on specific users by a govt agency for the services they use |
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| Government Obligation Bonds (GO) |
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| bonds issued by govts that pledge their "full faith and credit," including tax revenues, to repayment |
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| bonds issued by governments for specific projects and backed only by whatever revenues the projects generate |
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| when states attempt to make sure that they do not offer better welfare benefits than other states do |
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If a state offers to great of welfare benefits then this will encourage individuals to move to that state in order to receive the greater benefits that state has to offer. |
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| Models of Community Power |
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1. Elite Model (Power Concentration in the hands of a few individuals) 2. Pluralist Model (Power is divided among different groups) 3. Middletown – Politics is centered in the hands of domination by the town largest industry. Power centers on the domination of the elite family 4. In many cities power is disperse with different groups exercising power at different times over different issues |
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1. Highway Politics 2. Early Federal Aid (1916 to develop roads) 3. The Interstate System (Carries Most of Highway Traffic) 4. Federal Highway Money (Federal Gas Tax) (Can be used in bargaining) 5. Speed Limits (Used highway funds to get states to lower) 6. Photo Radar Systems (Are they constitutional?) 7. Traffic Safety (Cell phone restrictions? Are they constitutional? What about seat belt laws?) 8. Auto Safety (What are the obligations of automobile makers?) 9. Infrastructure Development (What is the responsibility of the states versus the national and local governments?) 10. Urban Traffic (What policies are needed to deal with urban traffic problems? What is needed to see a more used and successful mass transit system in the United States? Should subsidies be provided to mass transit systems that are often loosing money?) |
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| newest form of suburb; city with more than 100,000 residents located within a metropolitan area but which is not the central city and which has maintained a double-digit growth rate in recent years. Typically contain a more economically and racialle divere populations than suburbs |
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| Inentifying Suburban Sprawl |
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- unlimited outward extension of new development - low density residential and commercial settlements - leapfrog development jumping out beyond established settlements - fragmentation of powers over land use among many small localities - dominance of transportation by private automobiles - widespread development of commercial strips - great fiscal disparities among localities - reliance mainly on trickle down to provide housing to low income households |
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| Types of local government |
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counties, cities, special districts, towns, school districts |
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| roles of local government |
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interact with constituents; manage precise services to communities; provide infrastructure; maintanence; provide services |
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| Urban v. Rural Govt and the differences in functions and roles |
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State govts: seperation of power, 3 branches Local: different variations Conflicts: zoning issues, neighbor issues, property values, business versus residents Urban issues: more crime, population growth Rural issues: transportation, airports |
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| Forms of County Government |
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Traditional County Commission Structure: Rural counties, no seperate eleced exec (parliamentary) County Adminstrator Structure: manager runs city, unbiased and objective (small community) Elected County Executive Structure: mayoral system, large structure |
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| Factors that affect turnout in local elections |
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work, apathy, no time, lack of transportation |
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| reasons for conflict in Metropolitan Areas |
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| high population, small space, creates more crime |
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Cities: congestion, people moving out, pollution, factory Suburbs: people moving in, lack of jobs so people commute to city |
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| Reasons for problems of the inner city |
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no jobs for inner city people, educationa funding is low because of proper tax funding (no property) |
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County and city merge together to form one govt |
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| reasons for consolidation |
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jurisdiction issues, efficiency issues, better communication, one agency |
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| reasons for fragmentation |
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smaller cities, easy access, less bureaucratic, services are closer |
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agenda setting in local politics and how that differs with the state and national level |
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| newspapers, elites set agenda |
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| Federal Governments Role in Education |
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Pro: increases competition Anti: public v. private school (seperation of church and state), not everyone can afford to move for their child **public schools are funded by property taxes |
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why inequalities exist among school districts |
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diveristy, location (wealth distribution)-- funding by property taxes |
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School Boards and the Selection Process |
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members typically consist of middle class citizens or ticked off parents, selected based on a local election |
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| Sepearation between Church and State |
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Govt can't sponsor a religion at any level, no interference with religion |
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minorities Female headed household- single, divorced the young There is a definite racial division |
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Progressive, regressive, flat, sales, income, consumption |
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Federal: income tax State: sales tax Local: 75% property tax |
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