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| collection of all units of potential interest |
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| collection of units upon which we actually take measurements |
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| Ask people questions and record their answers. |
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| assigning people randomly to one of two groups |
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| Ex. giving one group an active drug and other group a placebo |
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| 7 components of a good study |
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| SOURCE, RESEARCHERS, INDIVIDUALS OR OBJECTS STUDIED, MEASUREMENTS,SETTING, EXTRANEOUS DIFFERENCES, MAGNITUDE. |
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| (aka qualitative variables) those that divide subjects into groups, BUT dont allow mathematical operations to be performed. |
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| (aka quantitative variables)those for which the responses are meaningful numeric values. |
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| categorical variables that have no nature order (ex. eye color, home state, ethnicity) |
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| Categorical variables that HAVE a natural order. (ex. Fresh, Soph., Junior, Senior and Likert Scale- strongly agree, somewhat agree, etc.) |
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| Measurement variables for which differences are consistent but ratios are not. Ex. Temperature |
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| Measurement variables for which ratios are consistent. Ex. age, height, distance, # of chairs in a room |
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| measurement variable that you can actually count the # of possible responses. Ex. number of automobiles that wrecked on a freeway, 0,1,2,3 you cant have 2.8 or 3.6. YOU CAN COUNT THE AMOUNT WITHOUT HAVING TO ROUND THE NUMBER OFF |
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| measurement variable that can be anything within a given interval. Ex. Age |
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| a systematic prejudice in one direction, survey questions may be worded in such a way that the responses are biased. |
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| discrepancies (vary from one to the next) between repeated measurements, Ex. measuring the length of a table with a ruler |
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| Variability that cannot be explained or predicted, Ex. unemployment. |
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| measures what it claims to measure |
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| gives approximately the same result when repeated on the subject, Ex. bathroom scale |
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| respondents identities are known but protected, these surveys allow a follow up |
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| respondents' identities are unknown, these surveys dont allow a follow up |
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| What do you want from a sample? |
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| -Representative and small as possible, but still reliable |
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| single individual or object |
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| a list of units from which the sample is chosen |
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| a survey in which the entire population is measured |
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Term
Simple Random Sample
Requirements for selection? |
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Definition
| a sample collected in such a way that every conceivable group of units of the correct size has an equal chance of being the one selected. Requirements - a frame, a random # generator. |
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| Margin of error is a measure of what? |
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Stratified Random Sample
What are some advantages of this sampling? |
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Definition
Procedure: divide the population into groups (strata) and then collect a simple random sample from each group.
-The advantages have info on each strata available and its less expensive to conduct. |
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| Procedure: divide the population into groups (clusters). Take a simple random sample of clusters and measure all units within the selected clusters."every subject from some groups" |
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select units from the frame according to some pattern, perhaps every 10th person.
Ex. select the first person in each row from a lecture hall. |
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| a sampling plan that combines 2 or more sampling procedures. |
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Definition
1) getting a volunteer sample, no pretense of randomization
2)Using a convenience or haphazard sample - use whoever is standing around |
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Definition
1) getting a volunteer sample, no pretense of randomization
2)Using a convenience or haphazard sample - use whoever is standing around |
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| Difficulties for sampling |
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Definition
| 1)using the wrong frame, 2)not reaching the individuals selected, 3)non-response(volunteer response) |
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Term
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Definition
| the RESP is the primary measurement of interest. Usually a study considers only one RESP. |
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| Explanatory variables (EXPL) or factors |
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Definition
| an EXPL is other info about each subject that may explain why the subjects differ in respect to the RESP, studies often have many EXPL |
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| compare 2 or more groups based on the RESP. The group is the EXPL. |
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| a study which the EXPL is controlled (manipulated) by the researcher. EXPL is a treatment. |
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| a study in which the value of EXPL is determined by nature. The EXPL is an observation is not manipulated or controlled. EXPL is not treatment. |
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| An extraneous difference in the groups. |
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| A variable that changes the way the group compare with respect to the RESP. |
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| a treatment group that receives essentially no treatment |
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| a "fake drug" that looks like a real drug but has no active ingredients. |
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| the tendency of subjects to respond to any treatment, even a "fake" one. |
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| the tendency of subjects to react differently than they normally would because they are being observed |
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| the tendency of researchers to "see" what they want (or expect) to see. |
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| subjects are asked to recall past events |
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| subjects are followed into the future |
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