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Stages of Development
Stages of Development
70
Education
Not Applicable
02/06/2008

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Term
Piaget's Theory
Definition
Learning happens as people adapt to their environments.
Term
Cognitive Development
Definition
Proceeds when faced with a situation, you first try to used or apply what you already know, and if that doesn't work you figure out something else based on what's new or different about that situation.
Term
Schema
Definition
Existing framework.
Term
Assimilation
Definition
Using your existing framework.
Term
Adaptation
Definition
Developing new frameworks.
Term
Piaget
Definition
Believed we are constantly refining our frameworks.
Term
Four Stages of Cognitive Development
Definition
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)

Preoperational (2 to 7 years)

Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years)

Formal Operational (11-15 year)
Term
Sensorimotor Stage
Definition
(Birth to 2 years)

Things that babies do and the games that parents typically play are relevant to this stage.
Term
Object Permanence
Definition
Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)

The concept that things continue to exist even though you cant see them.

"Peekaboo"
Term
Goal Oriented Behavior
Definition
Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)

Example: A very young child who is able to roll over but not yet crawl may consciously roll over multiple times to reach a bottle or favorite toy.
Term
Preoperational Stage
Definition
(2 to 7 years)

At this stage, children are developing language skills quickly. They also begin to use symbols to represent objects. Children at this age will be able to think through simple problems, but only in one direction. (i.e. they won't be able to reverse the steps mentally). They also will have difficulty dealing with more than one aspect of a problem at a time.
Term
Egocentrism
Definition
Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years)

To have difficulty seeing things from another person's point of view.
Term
Jean Piaget
Definition
Swiss Psychologist
Term
Concrete Operational Stage
Definition
(7-11 years) Children at this stage develop the ability to mentally back up operations. They can classify and seriate. At this stage children can solve solid hands on problems logically.
Term
Reversibility
Definition
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

A concept that reverses the steps of a problem.
Term
Classify
Definition
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

Identify objects according to their specific characteristic, even if the object has many different characteristics.
Term
Seriate
Definition
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

Put things in order according to a given criterion such as height or volume.
Term
Conservation
Definition
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

The idea that the amount of a substance doesn't change just because it is arranged differently. For example this might be demonstrated by taking a large ball of clay and creating several smaller balls of clay out of it.
Term
Formal Operational Stage
Definition
(11-15 years)

This stage is characterized by the ability to solve abstract problems involving many independent elements. Some theorists estimate only 35% of the adult populations ever achieves this state.
Term
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Definition
(Formal Operational Stage 11-15 years)

The thought process necessary to frame and solve problems.
Term
Lev Vygotsky
Definition
Russian educational psychologists in the early twentieth century.
Term
Culture
Definition
Vygotsky believed this had an enormous influence on what children learn and that this dictated the methods that children will find useful, and what their priorities will be.
Term
Language
Definition
Vygotsky believed this was a critical factor in cognitive development.
Term
Private Speech
Definition
Young children frequently talk to themselves as they play or solve problems.
Term
Private Speech
Definition
Vygotsky believed that this allows children to use language to help break down a problem and solve it-in effect the children talk themselves through it. He believed that a fundamental stage in development comes when children begin to carry on this speech internally without speaking the words aloud.
Term
Vygotsky's Theories
Definition
The Importance of Culture

The Role of Language in Development

The Zone of Proximal Development

Scaffolding
Term
Zone of Proximal Development
Definition
Problems that a child could solve with the guidance of someone who already knows how.
Term
Scaffolding
Definition
Providing children with help from more competent peers and adults. Children are given a lot of support in the early stages of learning and problem solving. Then as a child is able, he/she takes on more responsibility and the supporter diminishes the support.
Term
Scaffolding
Definition
Supportive techniques for this idea include clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking the problem into steps, providing examples, or anything that helps a student develop their learning independence.
Term
Bloom's Taxonomy
Definition
Knowledge

Comprehension

Applications

Analysis

Synthesis

Evaluation

Students develop thinking skills in this order.
Term
Bloom's Taxonomy
Definition
The idea that that teachers should try to teach higher order thinking.
Term
Knowledge
Definition
Recalling factual information
Term
Comprehension
Definition
Using factual information to answer a specific question
Term
Application
Definition
Taking an abstract concept together with specific facts to answer a question
Term
Analysis
Definition
Breaking down a question into concepts and ideas in order to answer a question
Term
Synthesis
Definition
Connecting concepts and ideas to create a new product or idea
Term
Evaluation
Definition
Making considered judgements by breaking down and reconnecting ideas, concepts, and facts and comparing the judgement to standards.
Term
Knowledge
Definition
What are the names of the English colonies?
Term
Comprehension
Definition
What crops were common to the New England colonies and the Southern colonies?

What were the major religious differences between the New England colonies and the Middle Colonies?
Term
Application
Definition
In which area of the colonies would a Freethinker have been most likely to find like minded people?
Term
Analysis
Definition
What characteristic of the New England colonists made them the most likely to rebel against the British rule?
Term
Synthesis
Definition
What steps could the King have taken to appease the New England colonists that might have prevented the American Revolution?
Term
Evaluation
Definition
In which area of the colonies did the colonists have the best natural resources from an economic standpoint?
Term
Abraham Maslow
Definition
An educational theorist who believed that children have to have certain needs met before they're ready to learn and grow.
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Definition
Deficiency Needs:
Physiological Needs-food sleep clothing etc.
Safety Needs-freedom from harm or danger

Belongingness and love needs-acceptance and love from others

Esteem needs-approval and accomplishments


Growth Needs:
Cognitive Needs- Knowlege and understanding
Aesthetic Needs- Appreciation of beauty and order
Self-acualization of needs-fulfillments of one's potential
Term
Deficiency Needs
Definition
Physiological Needs-food sleep clothing etc.
Safety Needs-freedom from harm or danger
Belongingness and love needs-acceptance and love from others
Esteem needs-approval and accomplishments
Term
Deficiency Needs
Definition
The basic requirements for physical and psychosocial well being. Desire for these declines when you have them, and you don't think about them unless you lack them.
Term
Growth Needs
Definition
Cognitive Needs- Knowlege and understanding
Aesthetic Needs- Appreciation of beauty and order
Self-acualization of needs-fulfillments of one's potential
Term
Growth Needs
Definition
Includes the needs for knowing, appreciating, and understanding. People try to meed these needs only after their basic needs have been met. Meeting these needs creates more desire for them.
Term
Erik Erickson
Definition
German born American psychologist who identified the eight stages of development.
Term
Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychological Development
Definition
!. Trust vs basic mistrust (birth to 18 months)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame

3. Initiative vs. Guilt

4. Industry vs. inferiority

5. Identity vs. role confusion

6. Intimacy vs. isolation

7. Generativity vs. stagnation

8. Integrity vs. despair
Term
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 18 months)
Definition
If a child is well card for during this time, she will become naturally trusting and optimistic.
Term
Autonomy vs Shame (18 months to 3 years)
Definition
A child learns the mechanical basics of controlling his world-including walking, grasping and toilet training. The "terrible twos" fall into this stage, with common traits including stubbornness and willfule behavior as the child pushes his limits of control. Ideally a child comes out of this stage proud of his abilities rather than ashamed of them.
Term
Initiative vs Guilt
Definition
After becoming autonomous, children start wanting to do things. They have ideas and plan and carry out activities. Some activities aren't allowed, and it is important for children to feel their activities are important and valued by adults. If this feeling isn't there, children believe that what they do is wrong, and guilt develops and restricts growth.
Term
Industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years)
Definition
In these elementary school years children are expected to learn and produce. If children can meet these expectations the can learn to be industrious. If not, they risk feeling inferior.
Term
Mildred Parten
Definition
A child psychologist in the 1930's was one of the first people to study children at play.
Term
Parten's Stages of Play Developmnet
Definition
Solitary Play

Onlooker Play

Parallel Play

Associative Play

Cooperative Play
Term
Solitary Play
Definition
Children play by themselves. While children may continue to do this throughout their childhoods, in context of social interaction, this is usually observed in children younger than two years.
Term
Onlooker Play
Definition
At or around 2 years of age, children will watch others play without doing anything themselves or making any effort to join in. This is closely followed in the same time frame by Parallel Play.
Term
Parallel Play
Definition
Like Onlooker Play develops around two years old, children will do the same things or mimic the play of playmates but will not interact with them.
Term
Associative Play
Definition
Normally, by age 4 or 5 children will interact and share materials but won't coordinate their efforts.
Term
Corporative Play
Definition
Finally usually by age 5-7 children will play together in one activity.
Term
Lawrence Kohlberg
Definition
A developmental psychologist at Harvard University University in the late 20th century. Moral Development.
Term
Three levels of Moral Developmnet
Definition
1. Pre Conventional Moral Reasoning

2. Conventional Moral Reasoning

3. Post Conventional Moral Reasoning
Term
Pre Conventional Moral Reasoning
Definition
Elementary School


Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment


Stage 2: Personal Reward
Term
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment
Definition
Young children obey rules simply because thy are rules and understand that they risk punishment if they break them. Whether an action is good or bad is understood in terms of immediate consequences.
Term
Stage 2: Personal Reward
Definition
Children internalize the system from Stage 1 and realize that following rules is generally in their best interests. An action is right or good if it gets you what you want. A simple view of "fair's fair" develops so that favors ore done with the expectation of something in return.
Term
Conventional Moral Reasoning
Definition
(Junior High School)

Stage 3: Good boy/Good Girl

Stage 4: Authority and Social-order-maintaining orientation
Term
Stage 3: Good boy/Good Girl
Definition
An action is right or good if it helps, pleases or is approved by others.
Term
Stage 4: Authority and Social-order-maintaining orientation
Definition
An action is right or good if it's expected out of a sense of duty or because it supports the morals or laws of the community or country.
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