Term
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Definition
| the study of human population |
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Term
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Definition
| the incidence of childbearing in a country's population |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| the incidence of death in a country's population |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population |
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Term
| infant mortality rate (1.1) |
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Definition
| the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births in a given year |
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Term
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Definition
| the average life span of a country's population |
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Term
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Definition
| te movement of people into and out of a specified territory |
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Term
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Definition
| a graphic representation of a the age and sex of the population |
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Term
| demographic transition theory (1.2) |
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Definition
| a thesis that links population patterns of a society's level of technological development |
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Term
| zero population growth (1.2) |
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Definition
| the rate of reproduction that maintains population at a steady level |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration of population into cities |
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Term
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Definition
| a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area |
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Term
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Definition
| urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city |
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Term
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Definition
| a vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment |
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Term
| natural environment (1.5) |
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Definition
| Earth's surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life |
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Term
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Definition
| a system composed of the interaction and their natural environment |
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Term
| environmental deficit (1.5) |
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Definition
| profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short-term material affluence |
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Term
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Definition
| regions of dense forestation, most of which circle the globe close to the equator |
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Term
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Definition
| a rise in Earth's average temperature due to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere |
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Term
| environmental racism (1.5) |
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Definition
| patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards |
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Term
| ecologically sustainable culture (1.5) |
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Definition
| a way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations |
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Term
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Definition
| the systematic study of human society |
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Term
| sociological perspective (2.1) |
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Definition
| the special point of view of sociology that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the larger world and our society's place in it |
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Term
| high-income countries (2.2) |
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Definition
| nations with the highest overall standards of living |
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Term
| middle-income countries (2.2) |
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Definition
| nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole |
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Term
| low-income countries (2.2) |
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Definition
| nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor |
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Term
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Definition
| a way of understanding based on science |
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Term
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Definition
| a statement of how and why specific facts are related |
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Term
| theoretical approach (2.4) |
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Definition
| a basic image of society that guides thinking and research |
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Term
| structural-function approach (2.4) |
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Definition
| a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability |
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Term
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Definition
| any relatively stable pattern of social behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
| the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society |
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Term
| social-conflict approach (2.4) |
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Definition
| a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change |
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Term
| gender-conflict approach (2.4) |
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Definition
| a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men |
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Term
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Definition
| support of social equality for women and men |
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Term
| race-conflict approach (2.4) |
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Definition
| a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories |
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Term
| macro-level orientation (2.4) |
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Definition
| a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole |
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Term
| micro-level orientation (2.4) |
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Definition
| a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations |
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Term
| symbolic-interaction approach (2.4) |
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Definition
| a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| a simplified description applied to every person in some category |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systemic observation |
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Term
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Definition
| information we can verify with our senses |
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Term
| scientific sociology (3.2) |
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Definition
| the study of society based on systemic observation of social behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept whose value changes from case to case |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case |
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Term
| operationalize a variable (3.2) |
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Definition
| specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable |
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Term
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Definition
| consistency in measurement |
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Term
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Definition
| actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another` |
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Term
| independent variable (3.2) |
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Definition
| the variable that causes the change (see cause and effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| the variable that changes (see cause and effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| a relationship in which two or more variables change together |
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Term
| spurious correlation (3.2) |
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Definition
| an apparent but false relationship between two or more variables that is caused by some other variable |
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Term
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Definition
| holding constant all variables except one in order to see clearly the effect of that variable |
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Term
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Definition
| personal neutrality in conducting research |
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Term
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Definition
| repitition of research by other investigators |
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Term
| interpretive sociology (3.2) |
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Definition
| the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of society that focuses on the need for social change |
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Term
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Definition
| the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male |
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic plan for doing research |
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Term
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Definition
| a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a statement of a possible relationship between two or more variables |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied |
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Term
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Definition
| a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or an interview |
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Term
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Definition
| the people who are the focus of research |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of a population that represents the whole |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of written questinos a researcher presents to subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of questions a researcher asks respondents in person |
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Term
| participant observation (3.4) |
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Definition
| a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities |
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Term
| inductive logical thought (3.4) |
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Definition
| reasoning that transforms specific observations into general theory |
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Term
| deductive logical thought (3.4) |
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Definition
| reasoning that transforms general theory into specific hypotheses suitable for testing |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life |
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Term
| nonmaterial culture (4.1) |
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Definition
| the ideas created by members of a society |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical things created by members of a society |
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Term
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Definition
| personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another |
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Term
| cultural transmission (4.2) |
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Definition
| the process by which one generation passes culture to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language |
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Term
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Definition
| culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living |
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Term
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Definition
| specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true |
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Term
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Definition
| rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members |
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Term
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Definition
| norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance |
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Term
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Definition
| norms for routine or casual interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population |
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Term
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Definition
| a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions |
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Term
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Definition
| the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society |
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Term
| cultural integration (4.3) |
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Definition
| the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system |
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture |
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Term
| cultural relavitism (4.3) |
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Definition
| the practice of judging another culture by its own standards |
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Term
| cultural universals (4.4) |
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Definition
| traits that are part of every known culture |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture |
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