Term
| what are some of the consequences of erosion |
|
Definition
| removal of topsoil(which contains plant material and organic matter), thinning of soil profile, gullies cut feilds. The runoff then pollutes nearby lakes with nutrients and pesticiides. |
|
|
Term
what are some of the costs of erosion?
what are the two parts of the cost of ersion? |
|
Definition
1.costs to the farmer and consumer of production losses, and
2.costs to the public of pollution and sedimentation.
costs reange from an estimated 40 million to 27 billion. offsite damages are generally significantly larger, ranging from 3.1 to 17 billion per year |
|
|
Term
| what is the erosion equation? |
|
Definition
| erosion is equal to E=(1/2)mv^2 |
|
|
Term
| what are some qualities of soil that determine the rainfall erosiveness? |
|
Definition
| texture and structure, slope, surface roughness, soil cover |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the direct movement of soil by splashing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the removal of a thin layer of soil in a sheet due to water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many small channels formed on a slope by water, like a miniature river. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ephemeral gullies are large rills. The channel is small enough that tillage equipment can largely fill it in , but not completely. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most visible type of erosion, caused by deep channelization by running water. |
|
|
Term
| what are the five types of water erosion |
|
Definition
| gully erosion, ephemeral gullies, rill erosion, sheet erosion, splash erosion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the combination of both ephemeral and gully erosion, in which water forms into channels. erosive energy is focused, and soil can be carried off the field. |
|
|
Term
| universal soil loss equation |
|
Definition
| main tool for estimating soil erosion rates, but only predict sheet and rill erosion, and not ephemeral or gully erosion. Thus equation underestimates soil loss. |
|
|
Term
| What is the USLE equation for soil loss? |
|
Definition
| A=RKLSCP, where a is the amount of tonnes of soil lost each year. |
|
|
Term
| Understand how to use the equation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the erosion index? |
|
Definition
| EI=(RKLS/T). Refer to other slide to see what variables refer to. |
|
|
Term
| what does R, K, L, S, C, and P stand for? |
|
Definition
| r is rainfall and runoff factor, based on total erosive power of storms during and average year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soil erodability factor(texture, structure, organic matter content) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slope factor. they are two separate factors but can be treated as one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cover and management factor. C comares cropping practices, residue management, and soil cover to the standard clean fallow plot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four actions that can be done to control water erosion? |
|
Definition
1.reduce raindrop impact to lesson soil detachment.
2. Reducing of slowing runoff
3. carrying excess water off the field safely by use of grass waterways or tile outlets.
4.filter soil particles out of running water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tilling on the contour, then planting and following the same contour to lessen the runoff. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternating a dense cover crop with a not as dense cover crop along thw contour in order to prevent runoff. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a shallow, sodded, wide ditch that runs down a slope. their main purposes are:
1.prevent gullying
2.collect excess water from tillage contours
3. serve as outlets for terraces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strips of permanent vegetation that slow overland flow and act as living filters to remove sediment, nutrients, and pesticides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strips of permanent vegetation planted on the contour between strips of cultivated crops(similar to contour strip cropping, just with grass as one of the crops) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lie along the downhill edge of a feild, and work to filter sediment out of runoff from a feild before it can leave. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strips of permanent vegetation along streams, wetlands, etc to protect water quality from feild runoff. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when other measures fail to reduce erosion adequately. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two typs of terraces and when are they used |
|
Definition
level and graded; level is used when soil is permeable enough to allow water to seep in once captured by the terrace.
In the other hand, graded terrace is used when water CANNOT soak in enough. They might be drained underground of slope towards the waterway. |
|
|
Term
| what are the four uses of diversions |
|
Definition
1. protecting feilds from runoff flowing from higher elevations
2. diverting water away from active gully heads
3.diverting water from feed lots, farmsteads, or other sensitive areas,
4. in residential housing, diverting water away from homes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a very thin layer still air that covers a soil surface, but larger rocks stick up above the layer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of grain of a grain of sand jumping into the air, coming back down, knocking silt in to the air from its impact. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when dust rises into the air and is carried for long distances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when sand between the size of .02 and .04 inches are too large to be kicked into the air, they roll along the ground |
|
|
Term
| what are some possible ways to reduce wind erosion? |
|
Definition
till at right angles to the wind
2.use conservation tillage or leave crop residue on the soil surface
3. keep soil covered with as much vegetation as possible.
moiste soil to keep it bound together better.
plant windbreaks such as trees and shrubs
plant the most critical areas to permanent grasslands or other vegetative cover. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abandoned idled, or underused industrial or commercial facilities where redevelopment is hampered by real or perceived contamination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of living things to reduce pollution. |
|
|
Term
| what are some ways to control construction erosion and sedimentation? |
|
Definition
1. Keep disturbed areas small.
2.protect disturbed areas.
3.keep runoff velocities low.
4. divert runoff away from disturbed sites
5.retain sediment on site. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blankets that can be rolled over bare soil. They are biodegradable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves blowing mixtures of water, finely chopped straw, and seed over disturbed areas. vegetation should grow from seed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covering soil with concrete. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundles of straw placed in an area where runoff is happening in an attempt to reduce sediment load. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dense mesh fabric buried partially underground and attached to posts to create a fence which strains the sediment load from water as it passes through. |
|
|
Term
| retention ponds and sediment basin |
|
Definition
| places where sediments are taken and settle out. |
|
|
Term
| low impact development or zero runoff development |
|
Definition
| another option which involves leaving the water on site and allowing it to filter into the soil, using the water for irrigation rather than disposal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a shallow ditch where water is carried to in developments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a swale with deep porous soil and dense vegetation that slows runoff, promotes infiltration, and traps sediment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retention ponds that are designed to promote infiltration rather than simply hold water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a depression in the yard that is meant to absorb the rain an drunoff. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beds of vegetation planted on rooftops. can either be extensive(little) or intentsive (a lot) |
|
|
