1. Lord Kelvin 

1. Thermody of engine
2. Devout Christian
3. Not evolutionist
4. Not old enough to account for changes although old
5. Hot masses cool at c. r.

1. Principles of Geology
2. Buried at W.minster
3. Oxford Anglican
4. Easily popularized Hutton's concept of uniformitarianism

Well-connected

1. Thales

1. Predicted the eclipse
2. 1^st of the 7 wisest Greeks
3. Universe made of H2O
4. moon reflects sunlight

1. Pythagoras

1. Mystic rel. of #s
2. Acoustics
3. Theory of spherical earth

1. Plato

1. Records S.
2. Pyth. View of reality
3. P. Objects imperfect ideal

1. Archimedes

1. Pi estimated
2. Center of gravity
3. 1^st math physicist
4. Buoyancy & density

1. Aristotle      

1. Nature intelligible
2. Material realm is important
3. Dependence of soul on body
4. Eternal earth
5. Limited God

1. Pliny the Elder

1. Said to never sleep
2. Rescue to Mt. Vesuvis
3. Encyclopedia

                                                              i.      Monsters

1. Augustine of Hippo

1. Truth belongs w/ Church
2. Not escaping earth; showing hope
3. Pagan dad/ C. mom

1. Robert Grosseteste

1. Lenses
2. Translates Aristotle
3. British

1. Roger Bacon

1. “theology is the queen of the sciences”
2. One perfect wisdom
3. “Opus Majus”

1. Tempier and the Condemnation of 1277

-eternality of the world

-soul depending on body

-God limited

-impossible to have a vacuum

*anything on the list banished

1. Air resistance
2. Movement & rotation of earth

1. Nicholas Copernicus

1. One of the most educated
2. Heliocentricism

Simpler than Ptolemaic theory

1. James Hutton

1. 1^st mod. Uniformitarian
2. Replenishing & recycling
3. Heat or water shapes earth

1. – Is Malthus correct?

-human creativity greatest resource (make own resources)

-animals can’t adapt to degree we can

1. Pastor
2. Regrets hurting the poor

1. Henri Becquerel

1. X rays
2. Innate rays expose film
3. Radioactivity

1. Alfred Wegener 

1. Popularizes old idea that continents drift

1. Comte De Buffon

1. “Epochs of nature”
2. Cooling rates of iron spheres of earth size

1. Johannes Kepler

1. Uses Copernican framework
2. Adds math

1. Critiqued aristotle

1. Cambridge
2. Inertia; no need for focal pt. of gravity

1. Francis Bacon

1. Held key political positions
2. Tons of literary/ philosophical works

1. Archbishop James Ussher

1. 1640 => earth formed Sunday, Oct.4004 BC

1. Alfred Russel Wallace

Admires Darwin

Nat. select. only cutting out bad. Not producing new 

1. Asa Gray

1. How does ev. Procede among beneficial lines
2. Darwin doesn’t rule out design

1. Comte De Buffon

1. “Epochs of nature”
2. Cooling rates of iron spheres of earth size

1. Nicholas Steno (Stenson)

1. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

-using develops

-Striving towards progression

-env. Pressure creates new organisms

1. Charles Hodge

-accepted old earth but VERY critical of Darwinian philosophy

-staunch supporter of Biblical inerrancy

-the theory is artheistic

-some sense of special creation

-inerrancy of scripture

-immediate and mediate creation

-scripture suggests 2ndary causes

-evolution modifies but it doesn't creat

1. Karl Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)

1. Fixity only up to orders
2. YEC sounding

Not just complex

Has a function and is good at it

We don't have to see design

Natural selection

Clergyman 

Church of Scotalnd

Elected Royal Society of Edinburgh

1. Georges LeMaitre

Belgian Priest

proposes the big bang/ "the primeval atom"

(hypothesis)

1. Edwin Hubble

Law says that space is expanding

(evidence)

1. John Polkinghorne

1. Michael Behe

1. William Dembski

Darrow lost badly

Bryan wasn't upset

Even the public agreed that Bryan won

Bryan detested social darwinism

1. Frederick Griffith

Transforming material makes harmless bacteria a killer

[Transformation]

1. Oswald Avery

1. Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase

1. Ian Wilmut

______ Equation defines how many intelligent life forms in the universe if they exist

1. Henrietta Swan Leavitt

Blinking lights from far stars...

Standard candle/ Cepheid variable (How big they are based on how often they flicker)

1. Falsification theory – cant prove them wrong
2. Conjectures and refutations
3. Demarcation of science

1. Ralph Alpher

1. Wrote Physical Review
2. Said that there are lots of H and He
3. Were wrong in their deduction …. reallyheavy matter made in nuclear fission in middle of stars, not big bang
4. as universe expands it gets a lot colder
5. temp of universe is 5K
6. so energy is microwaves

1. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson

1. They found the radiation talked about by Alpher and Gamov and Herman

1. Produces an biochemical and organic substance, urea from nonliving stuff
2. says that we can be name of normal chemicals
3. starts biochemsistry
4. do we even have a soul?
5. BUUUT it is super unlikely that there would be enough negative entropy to make correct sequences

1. We got our life from outside the Earth on a meteor
2. extraterrestrial source to get the code
3. tough bacteria from space crash into the soup. Lichen experiments
4. problem is meteorites as they enter atmosphere
5. Murchison meteorite in Australia

1. Oparin and Haldane 

1. Chemical evolution in reducing atmosphere w/ no oxygen might have been possible
2. That was later tested by Miller and Urey but they ran into problems….

1. Tom Cech and Sid Altman

1. Tetrahymena introl self catalyzes and RNA seP helps make tRNAs….
2. RNAs can have many functions and could have been first organisms since they can reproduce themselves and natural selection takes over 

1. found that mutations was the basic mechanism that created the branches
2. Mutations are neutral, every once in a while get a deleterious and a  beneficial one

1. Imre Lakatos

1. Took the best of scientific theory and emphasized underdetermination
2. Fruitfulness is important
3. Research programs can be modified

1. Thomas Kuhn

1. Science and the paradigm shift in the revelotionary phase of science

1. Shinya Yamanaka

1. found out how to selectively chose genes tnd switch on the genes needed from a normal cell so that it acts like embryonic stem cells

1. Schiaparelli and Lowell

1. Schiaparelli Canali were created by intelligent creatures

1. Says that in Day one teaches us the outlines of cosmology if you read the creation of light closely and that Genesis is chronological
2. Genesis is compatible with the Big Bang

Steven Weinberg

Discovered the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles.

[Modern really smart guy]

George Gamow

Russian guy who worked on radioactive decay of the atomic nucleus, star formation, stellar nucleosynthesis and Big Bang nucleosynthesis (which he collectively called nucleocosmogenesis), the cosmic microwave background, and genetics.

[another really smart guy]

Scottish scientist and mathematician

Wrote a book summarizing Hutton's principle of uniformitarianism

Director of ethics education at the Mayo Graduate School

Sees future vision as undermining human dignity if alterations are not made