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| A 4 foot fossil of an early tetrapod- shallow water fish- found on an island in far northern Canada with features intermediate between a fish and 4 legged animal dated about 375 million years ago |
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| 1900-1975
20th century biologist
"nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution"
Moved to the USA from Russia in 1927
Influenced by Russian population geneticist Sergei Chetverikov
Collaborated with Sewall Wright
Made classic investigations of evolution in populations of fruit flies (Drosophila)
Published Genetics and the Origin of Species in 1937 with successive editions up to 1970 |
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| French scientist who discussed evolution before Darwin's- postulated a possibility that one species might change into another, but did not offer a reason |
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| A well known encyclopediste who discussed evolution |
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| A French naturalist (1744-1829)
Wrote Philosophic Zoologique (1809), in which he argued that species change over time into new species
Explained using "transformism"- that offspring inherit acquired traits (Lamarckian inheritance)
Example: stretching of a giraffe's neck (today we realize only bacteria can do this)
Also made a weather forecasting system and chemical system |
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anatomist (1769-1832)
Believed the animal kingdom had four main branches: vertebrates, articulates, mollusks, and radiates
Also stated that species could become extinct
"Each species had a separate origin, and then remained constant in form until it went extinct)
Great rival to Lamarck |
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| British geologist (1797-1875)
Book Principles of Geology (1830-33) criticized Lamarck and made both ideas more well known
This book also refined the ideas of James Hutton to include slow change over long periods of time
Had profound effects on Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace |
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Great British anatomist (1804-1892)
Studied with Cuvier in Paris and made him famous |
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| British naturalist
Graduated from Cambridge
Worked diligently as a naturalist on board the HMS Beagle (1832-1837)
Critical year after the Beagle voyage (1838) studied his findings and postulated a theory of evolution
Rejected Lamarckianism because it didn't explain adaptation
Sometimes accepted that acquired characteristics could be inherited- used in his "theory of heredity", which he called "my much abused hypothesis of pangenesis |
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| Wrote an Essay on Population (1798) which stated that populations expand geometrically until they outstrip their food source and are then leveled off due to starvation, famine, and war.
Human population could double every 25 years
Influenced Charles Darwin's concept of the "struggle for existence"- how scarce resources could affect populations |
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| British naturalist (1823-1913)
Independently of Darwin arrived at a similar theory of evolution
Came from a lower social class than Darwin
Spent many years in South America, publishing salvaged notes in Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro (1853)
1854- left England to study the natural history of Indonesia, where he contracted malaria. While sick, he wrote down his ideas on natural selection
Ideas announced at Linnaean Society in London in 1858 |
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| Defended the new evolutionary view against religious attack in Britain |
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German anatomist (1826-1903)
Traced evolutionary relationships between animal groups |
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German biologist (1834-1919)
Also traced the evolutionary relationships between animal groups
"Biogenetic Law"- the theory of recapitulation- used to reveal phylogenetic pedigrees |
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| St. George Jackson Mivart |
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| Anatomist (1827-1900)
Book The Genesis of Species (1871) listed a number of organs that would NOT (he thought) be advantageous in their initial stages.
Example: tiny bird wing ("protowing") |
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German biologist (1833-1914)
Produced strong evidence and theoretical arguments that acquired characteristics are not inherited
Initially suggested that nearly all evolution was driven by natural selection- later retreated from this argument
Highly influential around turn of the century |
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British entomologist
Studied natural selection like Weismann |
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| Wrote an influential history of biology in 1929 that proposed that Darwin's theory was wrong- said that "natural selection certainly does not operate in the form imagined by Darwin" |
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| Mendelism has been the generally accepted theory of heredity since the 1920's |
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| an early Mendelian who opposed Darwin's theory of natural selection , suggested evolution proceeded through macromutations |
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| an early Mendelian who opposed Darwin's theory of natural selection and suggested that evolution proceeded through macromutations |
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a leading biometrician (studied small, rather than large differences between individuals and developed statistical techniques to describe how frequency distributions of measurable characters passed from parent to offspring populations)
Biometricians were another leading school which rejected Mendelism |
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A biometrician who attempted to measure the amount of selection in crab populations on the seashore
One of the biometricians more sympathetic to Darwin's theory than the Mendelians |
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| Wrote a 1918 paper that demonstrated that all the results known to the biometricians could be derived from Mendelian principles
One of the first steps to deriving the Modern Synthesis
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection 1930 was a late summary of his works |
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| worked on the theoretical support for the Modern Synthesis
Published the popular work The Causes of Evolution (1932) which contained an appendix summarizing a series of papers published from 1918 onward |
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Worked on the theoretical support for the Modern Synthesis
Published "Evolution in Mendelian Populations" (1931) and lived to publish a 4 volume treatise (1968-78) at the end of his career |
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| wrote Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (1942)
The title prompted the merger of Darwin's evolutionary theory and Mendelian genetics to be termed "Modern Synthesis"
This book combined the concepts of Fisher, Haldane, and Wright and applied them to larger evolutionary questions |
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Russian geneticist (1880-1959)
Important laboratory in Moscow until he was arrested in 1929
Influenced Dobzhansky |
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| "ecological geneticist" (1901-1988)
in 1920s- studied selection in natural populations (mainly moths)
Summary of his work in his book Ecological Genetics (1964) |
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| ecological geneticist (1901-1979)
Studied melanism in the peppered moth Biston betularia
Collaborated with Fisher: famous joint study disproved Wright's idea that random processes created evolutionary change in the scarlet tiger moth Panaxia dominula |
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| G.C. Robson and O.W. Richards |
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| Wrote The Variation of Animals in Nature (1936)
Rejected both Mendelism and Darwinism
Suggested that the differences between species were non-adaptive and had nothing to do with natural selection |
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| Macromutationist (1878-1958)
Argued in his book The Material Basis of Evolution (1940) that speciation was produced by macromutations
Born and educated in Germany, distinguished career in Nazi Germany until he left in 1936 at 58 |
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| Book Systematics and the Origin of Species (1942)
Like many classic books in science, it was written to refute a specific viewpoint
Against Goldschmidt's Material Basis- criticized him using the Modern Synthesis, which was such a broad viewpoint that it increased its own importance
Born and educated in Germany, left in 1930 as a young man |
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| Paleontologist
Wrote Tempo and Mode in Evolution (1944)
Disproved orthogenesis by stating that the fossil record could also be explained by the principles of population genetics
Also supported new techniques derived from the modern synthesis to analyze topics like rates of evolution and the origin of major new groups |
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| 30 members- geneticists, systematics, and paleontologists
Met at Princeton in 1947
Shared the viewpoint of Mendelism and neo-Darwinism
Symposium published as Genetics, Paleontology, and Evolution |
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Geneticist and Paleontologist, respectively
in 1959, titled essays "One hundred years without Darwinism are enoguh" |
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Ancient Greek philosopher (611-547 BC)
coined the concept that all living things were related and that they had changed over time |
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Roman philosopher (99-55 BC)
coined the concept that all living things were related and that they had changed over time |
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| Developed his Scala Naturae, or Ladder of Life, to explain the advancement of living things from inanimate matter to plants to animals and finally to man.
Believed man to be the "crown of creation" |
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| Archbishop James Ussher of England |
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| lived in the mid 1600s
Calculated the age of the Earth based on the genealogies from Adam and Eve listed in the Biblical book of Genesis
He worked backwards from the crucifixion
The Earth was supposedly formed on October 22, 4004 B.C.
Printed in Bibles and Ussher's History of the World |
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| Calculated the sedimentation rates in the Po River of Italy, and concluded it took 200,000 years to form some nearby rock deposits |
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Studied fossils and concluded that they were real and not inanimate artifacts
Convicted heretic for denying the geocentric theory |
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Father of Modern Geology
Developed (in 1795) the Theory of Uniformitarianism, basis for modern geology and paleontology
Believed that certain geological processes operated in the past in a similar fashion as today, with minor exceptions of rates, etc
This disproved the idea that the Earth was 5000 years old |
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Swedish botanist (1753)
Attempted to place all known species of his time into immutable categories
His hierarchal classification was based on the idea that each species (or taxon) was the smallest unit and belonged to a higher category |
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the Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)
proposed that species could change in a 44 volume natural history of all known plants and animals
Also provided evidence of descent with modification and speculated on causative mechanisms (influences on the environment, migration, geographical isolation, overcrowding, and the struggle for existence) |
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British physician and poet (1731-1802)
Proposed that life had changed over time
Writings on botany and zoology suggest possibility of common descent based on changed undergone by animals during development, artificial selection by humans, and the presence of vestigial organs
Offered no explanatory mechanism, though |
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(1769-1839)
employed by the English coal mining industry
Developed the first accurate geologic map of England
Also developed the Principle of Biological Succession- each period of earth history has its own unique assemblages of fossils
Fathered the science of stratigraphy- the correlation of rock layers based on their fossil contents |
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| Abraham Gottlob Werner and Baron Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) |
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| Foremost proponents of catastrophism- theory that the earth and geological events had formed suddenly, as a results of some great catastrophe (like Noah's flood) |
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believed in catastrophism (1807-1873)
Proposed 50-80 catastrophes and creations |
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| Tried to revive the ideas of Lamarckianism in the Soviet Union in the 20th century |
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| Contributes principles to the Modern Synthesis based on his botanical work. |
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