Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Spring Midterm Exam 1
Key terms and argument forms
45
Philosophy
Undergraduate 1
03/13/2010

Additional Philosophy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Argument
Definition
Group of statements; One or more claims to provide support for one of the statements; to give reasons for believing a certain claim and evidence. 
Term
"GOOD" argument
Definition
Premises actually do provide adequate support for the conclusion
Term
Consistency
Definition
It is POSSIBLE for a group of statements to be true together (They COULD have possibly happened together) 
Term
Inconsistency
Definition
It is IMPOSSIBLE for a group of statements to be true together. Example: Tim Pawlenty is married and is a bachelor. 
Term
Entailment
Definition
P Entails Q when it is impossible for P to be true and Q to be false. (Works alone or in groups) 
Term
Validity
Definition
It is impossible for its premises to be true and its conclusion to be false. A valid argument is valid in virtue of its form. 
Term
Invalidity 
Definition
Premises is true and Conclusion is false. 
Term
Soundness
Definition
An argument is sound IF and ONLY IF a. it's valid b. all of its premises are true
Term
Unsoundness 
Definition
May be invalid, have one or more false premises or both 
Term
Conditional
Definition
A statement: If P, Then Q.
Term
Antecedent
Definition
Conditional is: If P, Then Q. Antecedent is "P"
Term
Consequent
Definition
Conditional: If P, Then Q. Consequent is "Q". 
Term
Disjunction/Disjunct
Definition
p OR q. p&q are the disjuncts. 
Term
Negation
Definition
It is not the case that P. NOT P. 
Term
Conjunction/Conjunct
Definition
p AND q. p&q are the conjuncts. Can use other words besides "and": but, however, moreovoer, although, yet, even, though...
Term
biconditional
Definition
P if and only if Q. It's a conjunction of 2 conditionals. 
Term
Sufficient Condition
Definition
If P, Then Q. P isn't true without Q being true. 
Term
Necessary Condition
Definition
If P, Then Q. P's being true makes Q true as well
Term
Modus Ponens 
Definition

If P, Then Q. 

P.

Therefore, Q. 

Term
Affirming the Consequent
Definition

Fallacy to Modus Ponens

If P, Then Q. 

Q. 

Therefore, P. 

Term
Modus Tollens
Definition

If P, Then Q. 

Not Q. 

Therefore, Not P. 

Term
Denying the antecedent
Definition

Fallacy of Modus Tollens

If P, then Q. 

Not P. 

Therefore, not Q. 

Term
Reductio Ad Absurdum
Definition

Deductive strategy, uses modus tollens. 

1. Prove P.

2. Assume opposite not P.

3. Argue assumption makes Q. 

4. Show Q is false/silly. 

5. Conclude P is true.

Term
Hypothetical Syllogism
Definition

If P, Then Q.

If Q, Then R.

Therefore, if P, then R.

Term
Disjunctive Syllogism
Definition

EITHER P OR Q.

Not P. 

Therefore, Q. 

Term
Constructive Dilemma
Definition

Either P or Q.

If P, then R

If Q, then S

Therefore, R or S.

Term
IF vs. ONLY IF
Definition

IF-signals presence of Sufficient condition

ONLY IF- signals presence of necessary condition

Term
Premises
Definition
Statements that are claimed to provide reasons to believing the conclusion. (provide evidence and support.)
Term
Conclusion
Definition
Statement that argument's proponent is seeking to justify by means of the argument. there are provided reasons for believing the conclusion=premises.
Term
Premises Indicators
Definition
Since, As indicated that, Because, For, In that, As, Given that, May be inferred from, In as much as
Term
Conclusion Indicators
Definition
Therefore, Wherefore, Thus, Consequently, We may infer, Accordingly, Implies that, As a result, Entails that
Term

T/F

Every Argument with a true conclusion is sound

Definition
FALSE
Term

T/F

Given a valid argument, if all of its premises are false, then its conclusion must be false as well.

Definition
FALSE
Term

T/F

If an argument is invalid, then it must have true premises and a false conclusion.

Definition
FALSE
Term

T/F

Every unsound argument is invalid.

Definition
FALSE
Term

T/F

Every sound argument has a true conclusion

Definition
TRUE
Term

T/F

Given a conditional, its antecedent is a sufficient condition for its consequent.

 

Definition
TRUE
Term

T/F

If an argument has the form DILEMMA and its conclusion is false, then one or more of its premises must be false.

Definition
TRUE
Term

T/F

Any argument that commits that fallacy of denying the antecedent has a false conclusion.

Definition
FALSE
Term

T/F

If a given argument is valid in virtue of its form, then every argument that has the same form is also a valid argument.

Definition
TRUE
Term

T/F

"It follows that..." is a premise indicator

Definition
FALSE, it is NOT a premise indicator, it's a conclusion indicator.
Term

T/F

Is it possible for a valid argument to have false premises and a true conclusion?

Definition
YES, true.
Term

T/F

Any argument that employs the reductio strategy has a true conclusion.

Definition
FALSE
Term

Consider the following statement: "If Joe Sakic lives in Denver, then he lives in Colorado."

What can we correctly infer? 

A. Joe's living in colorado is a necessary condition for his living in Denver.

B. Joe's living in Colorado is a sufficient condition for his living in Denver.

Definition
A.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!