Term
|
Definition
mebendazole (Vermox);
albendazole (Albenza);
pyrantel pamoate (Antiminth);
praziquantel (Blitricide); |
|
|
Term
| Antiprotozoals (non-malarial) |
|
Definition
metronidazole (Flagyl);
iodoquinol (Yodoxin);
paromomycin (Humatin);
nitazoxanide (Alinia);
pyrimethamine (Daraprim) + sulfadiazine + leucovorin; |
|
|
Term
| pinworm (enterobius vermicularis) |
|
Definition
most common helminth infection in US;
rarely results in severe health problems;
Sx: cutaneous irritation & itching in perianal region (perianal pruritus);
Severe itching --> 2ndary bacterial infections;
Preferred Drugs for Tx:
- mebendazole (Vermox), albendazole (Albenza), pyrantel pamoate (Antiminth, Pin-X);
- USE rigid standards of PERSONAL HYGIENE;
- almost NO side effects! |
|
|
Term
| mebendazole (Vermox), albendazole (Albenza), pyrantel pamoate (Antiminth, Pin-X) |
|
Definition
| preferred drugs to treat enterobius vermicularis (Pinworms) |
|
|
Term
| roundworm (Ascaris Lumbricoides) |
|
Definition
2nd most common helminth infection in US, most commin WORLDWIDE;
Preferred Drug Tx:
Asymptomatic, mild infections - mebendazole (Vermox), albendazole (Albenza);
Heavy, severe infections:
- pyratel pamoate (Antiminth) - causes worm paralysis, reduces wandering, surgery may still be required |
|
|
Term
| mebendazole (Vermox), albendazole (Albenza) |
|
Definition
| preferred treatments for asymptomatic or mild Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm) infections; |
|
|
Term
| pyratel pamoate (Antiminth) |
|
Definition
| preferred treatment of Heavy Ascoides lumbricoides (roundworms)infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
worm found in USA, Canada, & Europe;
humans infected by eating raw pork;
pork meat must be heated to 140 degrees F for 5 min. to kill off;
Preferred Drugs:
1) mebendazole (Vermox);
2) albendazoel (Albenza);
3) + corticosteroids - diminish severity of inflammation; |
|
|
Term
| hookworm (Nector americanus) |
|
Definition
prevalence 2nd only to Ascaris worldwide;
develops into adults in GI & attach to mucosal layer w/ specialized teeth & feed on host bllod;
Common health complication: iron-deficiency anemia;
Preferred Drug Therapy:
- mebendazole (Vermox);
- albendazole (Albenza) - also used for "creeping eruptions" |
|
|
Term
1) mebendazole;
2) albendazole;
3) + corticosteroids (diminish severity of inflammation) |
|
Definition
| preferred drugs for tx of Trichinella spiralis |
|
|
Term
1) mebendazole;
2) albendazole (tx of "creeping eruptions") |
|
Definition
| Preferred drugs for tx of Nector americanus (hookworms); |
|
|
Term
| Tapeworms (Cestodes - Taenia solium, saginata) |
|
Definition
Adult worms cause GI upset, loss of appetite, & larvae become encysted in visceral organs causing disease cysticercosis - only occurs in pork form;
Infection caused by eating undercooked meat that contains larvae/cysticerci; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
systemic infection caused by ingestion of T.solium eggs or by autoinfection;
eggs digested in gastric juice & larvae penetrate small bowel & then migrate throughout body to produce cysticercosis;
Sx of Neurocysticercosis:
- neurogenic & psychiatric symptoms, increased intracranial pressure, chronic severe HAs, intellectual deterioration, decreased visual acuity & seizures; |
|
|
Term
| Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish tapeworm) |
|
Definition
infection occurs when eating raw fish;
can cause megaloblastic anemia b/c worm uses up vitamin B12; |
|
|
Term
| Hymenolepsis nana (dwarf tapeworm) |
|
Definition
most frequent tapeworm infection in USA (esp. Southeastern USA);
occurs from ingesting eggs from contaminated food or water; |
|
|
Term
| praziquantel (Biltricide) - 10 mg/kg as a single dose |
|
Definition
| Preferred treatment for Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) |
|
|
Term
| praziquantel (Biltricide) 10 mg/kg as single dose |
|
Definition
preferred treatment of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm);
- tx may cause disintegration of gravid segments of T.solium --> release of embryos from eggs & cysticercosis so you can give a purgative (MgSO4 15-30 g) 2 hrs after tx w/ this drug |
|
|
Term
| Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis) |
|
Definition
dx transmitted when individual ingests cysts, by drinking contaminated water, may occur by oral-anal contact;
Results in: inflammation & severe, bloody diarrhea;
May spread to liver & cause hepatic abscess;
Asymptomatic Tx:
- iodiquinol;
- paromomycin;
Symptomatic Tx:
- metronidazole followed by iodoquinol or paromycin |
|
|
Term
1) iodoquinol;
2) paromomycin; |
|
Definition
| Preferred drugs for Tx of Entamoeba hystolytic (Amebiasis) - Asymptomatmic Carriers |
|
|
Term
| metronidazole followed by iodoquinol OR paromomycin |
|
Definition
| Preferred drugs for Tx of Entamoeba hystolytic (Amebiasis) - Symptomatmic Carriers |
|
|
Term
| Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis) |
|
Definition
most commonly reported pathogen for causing infectious diarrhea in US;
Profuse watery, foul-smelling diarrhea 2 wks after transmission;
Preferred Drugs for Tx:
1) metronidazole;
2) nitazoxanide; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sexually transmitted urogenital parasite;
Important to treat sexual partner(s) of infected individual to prevent recurrence;
Males are asymptomatic carriers;
Symptomatic females - maladorous yellow-green vaginal discharge, vulvar pruritus, dysparenia, dysuria, & strawberry vaginia & cervix;
Preferred Drugs for Tx:
1) metronidazole; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preferred treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infections |
|
|
Term
| Cryptosporidium parvum (Cryptosporidiosis) |
|
Definition
GI protozoal infection found in areas with contaminated water;
Symptoms: large amounts of water diarrhea with vomiting, cramping, & flatulence;
Treatment Options:
1) paromomycin;
2) nitazoxanide; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PKs: good oral absorption;
DO NOT use as contact or luminal amebicide in pts w/ ASYMPTOMATIC E. hystolitica;
MoA: -cidal drug that inhibits DNA synthesis;
Uses:
- anaerobic bacteria (B. fragilis, C. difficile);
- good activity against Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia;
ADRs:
- disulfiram-like rxn w/ alcohol;
- nausea, HA, dry mouth/metallic taste;
- peripheral neuropathies;
- carcinogenic in rodents, AVOID in 1st trimester of pregnancy; |
|
|
Term
| iodoquinol (Yodoxin, Diquinol) |
|
Definition
Not well absorbed via GI tract;
Effective against E. hystolytic in intestinal lumen - used in COMBO w/ metronidazole to tx symptomatic infections;
Used ALONE to treat asymptomatic carriers;
Toxicities: neurotoxicity; |
|
|
Term
| paromomycin sulfate (Humantin) |
|
Definition
Poor absorption from GI tract;
MoA: aminoglycoside & inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribsomal subunit;
Activity: against E. histolytica
- used alone for asymptomatic cyst passers;
- used in combo w/ metronidazole to treat symptomatic or extraintestinal amebiasis;
- cryptosporidiosis in AIDS pts - DRUG OF CHOICE;
ADRs:
- GI - anorexia, N/V, epigastric burning, increased GI motility, abdominal cramps, diarrhea;
- potential for nephrotoxicity & ototoxicity & neuromuscular blocking effects; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
After oral administration, drug is rapidly hydrolyzed/converted to ACTIVE metabolite;
MoA: interferes w/ anaerobic energy metabolism;
Uses:
- tx of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in immunocompetent children, adolescents, & adults;
- tx diarrhea caused by Giardia lamblia in children >1 yr, adolescents, & adulst;
ADRs:
- abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, HA;
- FREE of mutagenic/carcinogenic effects; |
|
|
Term
| pyrimethamine (Daraprim) + sulfadiazine |
|
Definition
treatment of CHOICE for toxoplasmosis;
MoA: inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase;
High doses used to tx toxoplasmosis --> tetrahydrofolic acid deficiency --> bone marrow suppression (megaloblastic anemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia) - administer w/ leucovorin to prevent these side effects;
- may cause rashes in HIV-infected pts;
Drink plenty of water when taking this med; |
|
|
