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| Minerals are _________ elements needed in small amounts. |
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| Requirements for ________ are influenced by age, physiological status, body storage, and environment. |
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| Mineral found in bone, teeth, and muscle. |
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| Largest % of bone, required for bone development. |
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| Required for muscle contractions, blood clotting, acid/base balance, and neuromuscular control. |
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| Rickets - abnormal bone growth |
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| Osteomalacia - brittle bone |
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| Parturient Paresis - milk fever |
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| Sources: Limestone, grains (low concentration), and grasses/legumes (good source) |
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| Secondary mineral in the body |
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| Closely related to calcium in the bone matrix |
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| Deficiency: Decreased growth, paralysis, and tetany (death) |
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| Bone, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and glucose-6-phosphate, ATP |
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| Sources: Dicalcium phosphate, oyster shells (good), bone meal (good), and grasses (poor) |
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| Ratio of calcium and phosphorus in bone? Ca:P |
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| Dietary ratio of calcium and phosphorus? Ca:P |
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| Bone development, energy metabolism, and part of chlorophyll. |
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| Deficiency: Hyper-irritability, convulsions, death, vasodilation, and grass tetany in spring fresh cows (convulsions, tetany and death) |
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| Source: grains (good to fair), grass (fair to poor), and mineral specific powder |
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| Three electrolytes (charged elements) |
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| Animals crave it, drink urine, and causes stress |
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| Dehydrated and stressed animals |
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| HCl acid/base balance out of whack |
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| Ruminant only: Function: methionine (hair wool) |
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| Ruminant only: Deficiency: wool quality and bacteria crude protein yield lowered |
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| Red blood cell formation, reproduction, collagen formation, and macro effect: antibiotic (swine) |
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| Deficiency: anemia and reproduction losses |
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| Toxic to _____ because of low tolerance to copper. |
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| O2 transport in the body and hemoglobin. |
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| Deficiency: anemia, especially low in piglets - Sow's milk low in it so they get injected |
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| Thumps - low O2 carrying capacity |
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| Acts as peroxidase - enzyme complex that breaks down free radicals, antioxidant |
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| Deficiency: White muscle disease in lambs, infertility |
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| Coenzyme with insulin and bone growth |
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| Deficiency: Parakeratosis (skin flakes), decreased bone growth, and decreased glucose uptake |
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| Source: galvanized fences, wire, and nails |
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| Most commonly deficient minerals: Most all can be toxic |
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| Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Se, Zn |
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| Classification: Fat soluble lipid with long term storage in the body |
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| Vitamin: all animals require it |
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| Vision, epithelial cell maintenance, and bone growth |
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| Deficiency: Night blindness, decreased reproductive performance, and decreased bone growth |
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| Vitamin: Selenium interacts with it, peroxidase activity, white muscle disease, and carcass quality (color characteristics) |
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| Sunshine, absorbed by the skin and plants |
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| Calcium metabolism and absorption |
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| Deficiency: Abnormal bone |
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| Required for blood clotting, Intestional micro synthesis (avian), and found in greens |
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| Not a question: Water soluble: B1 thiamine (beri-beri-POW), Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, Niacin (NAD-NADH to 3ATP etc.), and Vitamin B12 |
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| Vitamin: Energy metabolism, immune system, and scurvy |
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| All _____ soluble vitamins are involved in the metabolic process: Deficiency: Decreased growth, Decreased efficiency, no storage and not stable. |
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| Seizing and conveying food to the mouth |
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| Chewing/vertical movements of the jaw which crush the food particles between teeth |
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Pigs, little chewing
Birds, none
Humans, slow and lots of chewing |
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| First form a bolus, swallow, rumen, regurgitate, more chewing, and the ruminate. (Dairy cows chew ~42,000 times a day) |
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| Horses have to chew thoroughly because they can't regurgitate |
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| Secretion/mixing of saliva with food |
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Parotid - beneath ear
Submandibular(submaxillary) - sides of jaw
Sublingual - Underneath the tongue |
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Horse ~40 liters
Cow ~60 liters
Dairy cow ~150 liters |
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Water 99%
Mucin
Electrolytes (Na/K)
Salivary amylase |
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| Enzyme present in man, ape, pig, reat, and some avian but not cattle, dog, cat, or horse. |
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| Lubrication of food, Acts as solvent, Cleans oral cavity (inhibits growth of bacteria), Washes dental cavity, Buffers NaCO3 in ruminants, Nitrogen recycling in ruminants(urea), and Phosphorus source for ruminants |
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| Reflex of passing anything from the mouth through the esophagus to the stomach |
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Voluntary first 1/3
Involuntary last 2/3 |
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| Cardiac sphincter is the end of the esophagus |
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| If the _______ sphincter is malfunctioning, you have acid reflux. |
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