Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
important providers of oxygen serve as food for many marine animals, make chemicals used in microbiological growth media
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| largest organism studied by microbiologists |
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Definition
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|
Term
| smallest microbes. can only be seem using an electron microscope |
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Definition
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|
Term
| study of fermentation, industrial biology and biochemistry, metabolism |
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Definition
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|
Term
| pathogens cause infectious diseases |
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Definition
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|
Term
Who discovered germ theory of disease
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Definition
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|
Term
| study of the causation of diseases |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. the causitive agent must be found in every case and absent from health hosts
2. the agent must be isolated and grown outside of host
3. when introduced to healthy host, host must get the disease
4. same agent must be found in diseased experimental host |
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Term
| physician created handwashing techniques |
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Definition
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|
Term
| developed theories of wound care and antisepsis |
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Definition
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Term
| introduced cleanliness and other antiseptic techniques into nursing |
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Definition
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Term
| Developed good public hygiene, foundation of infection control and epidemiology |
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Definition
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Term
| Developed field of immunology, smallpox vaccine |
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Definition
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Term
| developed chemotherapy, magic bullets |
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Definition
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Term
| stain used to put bacteria into 2 categories |
|
Definition
Gram's Stain
Gram Negative
Gram Positive |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| study of inheritance in microorganisms |
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Definition
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|
Term
| study of microorganisms in their natural enviroment |
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Definition
| environmental microbiology |
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Term
| acellular and do not grow, self-reproduce, or metabolize |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Have internal, membrane-bound oranelles including nuclei |
|
Definition
Eukaryotes
animals, plants, algae, fungi, and protozoa |
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Term
| external structures of bacterial cells |
|
Definition
| glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, and pili |
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Term
| sticky external sheaths of cells, prevent cells from drying out |
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Definition
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|
Term
| enable cells to stick to each other and to surfaces in their environment |
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Definition
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|
Term
| protect cells from phagocytosis by other cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| long, whiplike protrusion of some cells composed of a basal body, hook and filament allow cells movement |
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Definition
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|
Term
| movement that may be either a positive response or a negative response to light or chemicals |
|
Definition
Taxis
Phototaxis
Chemotaxis |
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|
Term
| extensions of some bacterial cells that function along with glycocalyces to adhere cells to one another and to environmental surfaces |
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Definition
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|
Term
| mass of fimbriae on surface |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| hollow, nonmotile tubes of protein that allow bacteria to pull themselves forward and mediate the movement of DNA from one cell to another |
|
Definition
| Pili, or conjugation pili |
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|
Term
| provide shape and support against osmotic pressure in prokaryotic cells, composed primarily of polysaccharide chains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell walls of bacteria are composed of a large interconnected molecule of ____________ |
|
Definition
peptidoglycan
(NAG)
(NAM) |
|
|
Term
| Thick layer of peptidoglycan |
|
Definition
| Gram-positive bacterial cell |
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|
Term
| thin layer of peptidoglycan and an external wall membrane with periplasmic space, contains lipopolysaccharides |
|
Definition
| Gram-negative bacterial cells |
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|
Term
| have waxy lipids in their cell walls |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________________ is typically composed of phospholipid molecules arranged in a double layer configuration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| prevents the passage of some substances while allowing other substances to pass through protein pores or channels, sometimes carrier molecules |
|
Definition
| selectively permeable cytoplasmic membrane |
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|
Term
| relative concentrations inside and outside the cell of a chemical create a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| differences of electrical charges on the two sides of a membrane |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| higher concentration of solutes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| lower concentration of solutes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| same concentration of solutes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| moves a substance against its electrochemical gradient via carrier proteins |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| composed of the liquid cytosol inside a cell plus nonmembranous organelles and inclusions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| nuclear region in prokaryotic cytosol, no membrane and usually contains a single circular molecule of DNA |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| dormant resistant, with vegetative cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| composed of protein and ribosomal RNA, nonmembranous organelles, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, make proteins |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| network of fibrils that appear to help maintain the basic shape of prokaryotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| form polysaccharide and polypeptide glycocalyces that function in attachment and biofilm formation, but not associated with disease |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| composed of protein or polysaccharides but not peptidoglycan |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| composed of chitin or other polysaccharides |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| cell walls composed of polysaccharides or other chemicals |
|
Definition
| fungal, plant, algal, other protozoan |
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|
Term
| contain sterols such as cholesterol, act to strengthen and solidify the membranes when temps rise and fluidity when temps fall |
|
Definition
| eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes |
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|
Term
| active process requiring the expenditure of energy from ATP, move things into cell |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| when solids are brought into the cell by endocytosis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| nonmembranous organelles in animal and some fungal cells only, are found in a region of the cytoplasm called the centrosome, formation of flagella and cilia in cell division |
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Definition
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|
Term
| refers to the passage of light or electrons of various wavelengths through lenses to magnify objects and provide resolution and contrast so that those objects can be viewed and studied |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| increases the numerical aperture and resolution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| may be used to enhance contrast between an object and its background |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| lens closest to object being magnified |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| magnifications of the objective and ocular lens are multiplied to give |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| photograph of a microscopic image |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| provide a dark background for small or colorless specimens |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| cause light rays that pass through a specimen to be out of phase with light rays that pass through the field, producing contrast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| use ultraviolet light and fluorescent dyes to fluoresce specimens and enhance contrast |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| uses fluorescent dyes in conjunction with computers to provide three-dimensional images of a specimen |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| provides an image produced by the transmission of electrons through a thinly slices, dehydrated specimen |
|
Definition
| transmission electron microscope |
|
|
Term
| provides a three-dimensional image by scattering electrons from the metal-coated surgace of a specimen |
|
Definition
| scanning electron microscope |
|
|
Term
| minuscle electronic probes are used to reveal details at the atomic level |
|
Definition
| scanning tunneling microscopes and atomic force microscopes |
|
|
Term
| passing slide through a flame to fix stain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| applying a chemical to slide to fix stain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| involve the simple process of soaking the smear with one dye and then rinsing with water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| use more than one dye to differentiate different cells, chemicals, or structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram Stain, acid-fast stain, endospore stain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| use of a primary stain, a mordant, and decolorizing agent, and a counterstain |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| dyes that stain the background and leave the cells colorless |
|
Definition
| negative (capsule) stains |
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|
Term
| nonoverlapping groups of organisms that are studied and named in taxonomy |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| invented the system of taxonomy |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| practice of naming organisms with two names |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| different ways species are distinguished |
|
Definition
| phage typantisera, agglutination tests, nucleic acid analysis, phage typing |
|
|
Term
| visible population of microorganisms arising from a single cell or colony-forming unit living in one place |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and light energy to make their own food |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| use carbon dioxide as a carbon source but catabolize organic molecules for energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photosynthetic organisms that acquire energy from light and acquire nutrients via catabolism of organic compounds |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| use organic compounds for both energy and carbon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acquire electrons for redox reactions from organic sources |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| acquire electrons form inorganic sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| require oxygen molecules as the final electron acceptor of their electron transport chains |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| cannot tolerate oxygen and must use an electron acceptor other than oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| toxic type of oxygen which is neutralized by pigments called carotenoids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| toxic type of oxygen which are detoxified by superoxide dismutase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| toxic type of oxygen that is detoxified by catalase or peroxidase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of toxic oxygen that is the most reactive of the toxic forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbes that strictly require oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbes that strictly cannot tolerate oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbes that can live with or without oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbes that prefer anaerobic conditions but can tolerate exposure to low levels of oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbes that require low levels of oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some bacteria can reduce nitrogen gas into a more usable form in ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organic chemicals required in small amounts for metabolism |
|
Definition
| growth factors, like vitamins |
|
|
Term
| temp at which an organism's metabolic activities produce the highest growth rate |
|
Definition
| optimum growth temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| grow best in acidic surroundings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| live in alkaline habitats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| require high osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do not require high osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organisms that normally live under the extreme hydrostatic pressure at great depth below the surface of a body of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| process by which bacteria respond to changes in microbial density by utilizing signal and receptor molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coldest temperature requirements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contain cells of only one species and are derived from colony-forming unit composed of a single cell or group of related cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provides exact known amounts of nutrients for the growth of a particular microbe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contain a variety of growth factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth phase when organisms are adjusting to their environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth stage when organisms are most actively growing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth stage in which new organisms are being produced at the same rate old ones are dying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the eradication of microorganisms and viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enviroment free of contamination by pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inhibition/ killing of microorganisms on skin or tissue by the use of a chemical antiseptic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the use of agents to inhibit microbes on inanimate objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduction of a prescribed number of pathogens from surfaces and utensils in public settings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process using heat to kill pathogens and control microbes that cause spoilage of food and beverages |
|
|
Term
| suffixes -stasis and -static |
|
Definition
| indicate that an antimicrobial agent inhibits microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicate that the agent kills or permanently inactivates a particular type of microbe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the permanent loss of reproductive capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures the efficacy of an antimicrobial agent |
|
|
Term
| How to antimicrobial agents destroy microbes? |
|
Definition
| by altering their cell walls and membranes or by interrupting their metabolism and reproduction via interference with proteins and nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
| factors affecting efficacy of antimicrobial control |
|
Definition
| site to be treated, relative susceptibility of microorganisms and environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
| Phenol coefficient, use-dilution test, Kelsey-Sykes capacity test, in-use test |
|
Definition
| methods for evaluating the effectiveness of a disinfectant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowest temperature that kills all cells in a broth in 10 minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time it takes to completely sterilize a particular volume of liquid at a set temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time required to destroy 90% of the microbes in a sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses steam heat under pressure to sterilize chemicals and objects that can tolerate moist heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| denatures proteins and destroys membranes, disinfection and sanitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15 min at 121 degrees Celsius
denatures proteins and destroys membranes
sterilization of medical and laboratory supplies, sterilization of canned food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15 seconds at 72 degrees celsius
denatures proteins and destroys membranes
destruction of all pathogens and most spoilage microbes in dairy products, juices beer wine |
|
|
Term
| Ultra-high Temp sterilization |
|
Definition
1-3 sec at 140 degrees celsius
denatures proteins and destroys membranes
sterilization of dairy products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 hours at 160 degrees celsius
denatures proteins, destroys membranes, oxidizes metabolic compounds
Sterilization of water sensitive materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 second at more than 1000 degree celsius
oxidizes everything completely
sterilization of inoculating loops, waste and diseased carcasses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
0-7 degrees celsius
inhibits metabolism
preservation of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits metabolism
preservation of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits metabolism
preservation of food |
|
|
Term
| Lyophilization (freeze drying) |
|
Definition
inhibits metabolism
long-term storage of bacterial cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
physically separates microbes form air and liquids
sterilization of air and heat, vaccines, antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits metabolism
preservation of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
electronic beams, gamma rays, X rays
Destroys DNA
sterilization of medical and lab equipment, and preservation of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ultraviolet light
formation of thymine dimers inhibits DNA transcription and replication
disinfection and sterilization of surfaces and of transparent fluids and gases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermediate to low level disentectants that denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intermediate-level disinfectants that denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine
intermediate-level disinfectants and antispetics to kill microbes in water or medical instruments or skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hydrogen peroxide, ozone, peracetic acid
high-level disenfectants and antiseptics that release oxygen radicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
soaps, detergents, quaternary ammonium compounds
Low-level disinfectants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arsenic, silver, mercury, copper and zinc
low level disinfectants denature proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ethylene oxide, etc
high level disinfecting
sterilize heat-sensitive equipment and large objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms use to combat microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibiotics, semisynthetics, and sythetics
intermediate level disinfectants and antibiotics |
|
|
Term
3 Basic Shapes of prokaryotic cells
|
|
Definition
| cocci, rod shaped bacilli, spirals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cuboidal packets of cocci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an outgrowth of the original cell receives a copy of the genetic material and enlarges, eventually cut off from parental cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endospores are created within the vegetative cells of these Gram-positive generas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Archae that require extreme conditions of temp, pH, and or salinity to survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| live at temps above 45 degrees Celsius and 80 degrees celsius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high concentrations of salt to keep cell walls intact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obligate anaerobes that produce methan gas and are useful in sewage treatment |
|
|
Term
| deeply branching bacteria |
|
Definition
| have rRNA sequences thought to be similar to those of early bacteria live in hot acidic environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trap light energy with photosynthetic lamelae |
|
|
Term
| 5 groups of phototrophic bacteria |
|
Definition
| Cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, green nonsulfur, purple sulfur, and purple non sulfur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contain bacteria with G + C ratio of less than 50%
Clostridia, mycoplasmas, and other low G + C cocci and bacilli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genus Clostridium (pathogenic causes gangrene, tetanus, botulism, and diarrhea)
genus Epulopiscium and Veillonella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gram-positive, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes that lack cell walls and therfore stain pink with gram stain
Pneumonia and UTI |
|
|
Term
| Low G + C Gram Positive Bacilli and cocci |
|
Definition
| Bacillus, Listeria, Lactobacillus, streptococcus, enterococcus, staphylococcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, actinomycetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cause tuberculosis and leprosy
grow slowly and have unique, resistant cell wallas containing waxy mycolic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resembe fungi int that they produce spores and form filaments, Actinomyces, nocardia, streptomyces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large group of Gram-Negative bacteria divided into five classes alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon proteobacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variety of aerobes, unusual cellular extensions called prosthecae |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenic alphaproteobacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrifying Nitrosomonas, Neisseria, Bordetella, and Burkholderia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Campylobacter and Helicobacter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gram-negative cocci
neonatal blindness, pneumonia, and a sexually transmitted disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flexible, helical bacteria that live in diverse environments
Treponema and Borrelia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny infectious agent with nucleic acid surrounded by proteinaceous capsomeres that form a coat called a capsid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete viral partical, including nucleic acid and capsid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA or RNA, dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virus that infects a bacterial cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranous structure around viron |
|
|
Term
| Attachment stage in viruses |
|
Definition
| between viron and host, nucleic acid enters cell sometimes whole virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extrusion of enveloped virions through the host cytoplasmic membrane |
|
|
Term
| Temperate (lysogenic) phages |
|
Definition
| enter a bacterial cell and remain inactive lysogeny or lysogenic replication cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactive phages that are inserted into the chromosome of the cella and passed to its daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phages carry genes that alter the phenotype of a bacterium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prophage may be excised from the chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process similar to lysogeny an animal virus remains inactive in a cell for years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provirus. one that has become incorporated into a host's chromosome remains there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act like celular DNA in transcription except for Hep B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive stranted RNA can be directly translated by ribosomes to synthesize proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HIV
are +ssRNA viruses that carry reverse transcriptase, which transcribes DNA from RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry an RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase for transcribing mRNA from the -RNA genome so that protein can then be translated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one strand of RNA functions as a genome, and the other strand functions as a template for RNA replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncontrolled cellular reproduction in a multicellular animal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes the spreading of malignant tumors |
|
|
Term
| How are viruses cultured? |
|
Definition
| inside mature organisms because they cannot metabolize or replicate alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clear areas on plate after bacteria is lysed by phages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small circular pieces of RNA with no capsid that infect and cause disease in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infectious protein particles that lack nucleic acids and replicate by converting similar normal proteins into new prions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasite benefits while host is harmed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one member benefits while other is relatively unaffected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are parasite that causes disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause disease when the immune system is supressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| living and nonliving continuous sources of infectious disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diseases of animals that may be spread to humans via direct contact with the animal or its waste products |
|
|
Term
| nonliving resevoirs of infection |
|
Definition
| soil, water, and inanimate objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mere prescence of microbes in or on the body or object
harmless and transient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin, mucous membranes, placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microbes directly deposited into deeper tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathogens attach to cells via a variety of structures or attachment proteins called adhesion factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria and viruses lose the ability to make adhesion factors called adhesins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sticky web of cells and polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition sufficiently adverse to interfere with normal functioning of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subjectively felt by a patient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outside observercan observe them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterizes a particular abnormal condition |
|
|
Term
| asymptomatic or subclinical infections |
|
Definition
| infection that may go unnoticed because of the absence of symptoms, even though clinical tests might reveal signs of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microorganisms ability to cause disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adhesion factors, extracellular enzymes, toxins, and antiphagocytic factors affect the relative ability of a pathogen to infect and cause disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence in the blood of poisons called toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by pathogens into their environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipid A, released from cell wall of dead and dying Gram-negative bacteria and can have fatal effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibodies the host forms against toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stages of infectious diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time between infection and occurence of the first symptoms or signs of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short time of generalized, mild symptoms that precede illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most severe stage of an infectious disease. signs and symptoms most evident |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body gradually returns to normal as the patient's immune response and or medical treatment vanquish the pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patient recovers from the illness, tissues are repaired and returned to normal. infectious over every stage of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nose, mouth, urethra, allow pathogens to leave the body and are of interst in studying the spread of disease |
|
|
Term
| Direct contact transmission of infectious diseases |
|
Definition
| involves person-to person spread by body contact |
|
|
Term
| indirect contact transmission |
|
Definition
| when pathogens are transmitted via inanimate objectes (Fomites) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when pathogens travel less that 1 meter in droplets of mucus to a new host as a result of speaking or coughing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| airborne, waterborne, and foodborne transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clouds of water droplets which travel more than 1 meter in airborne transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result from sewage-contaminated drinking water or from ingesting fecal contaminants |
|
|
Term
| Bodily fluid transmission |
|
Definition
| spread of pathogens via blood, urine, saliva, or other fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmit pathogens between hosts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals, usually biting arthropods, that serve as both host and vector of pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not hosts to the pathogens they carry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develops rapidly but lasts a short period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop slowly and are continual or recurrent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have durations and severities that lie somewhere between acute and chronic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infectious disease comes from another infected host, either directly or indirectly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communicable disease is easily transmitted between hosts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arise outside of hosts or from normal microbiota
tooth decay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of new cases of a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total number of cases of a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease is usually present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epidemic on more than one continent |
|
|
Term
| nosocomial infections/nosocomial diseases |
|
Definition
| aquired by patients or workers in healthcare facilities |
|
|
Term
| exogenous nosocomial infection |
|
Definition
| acquired by health care enviroment |
|
|
Term
| endogenou nosocomial infection |
|
Definition
| derived from normal microbiota that become opportunistic while in the hospital setting |
|
|
Term
| iatrogenic nosocomial infection |
|
Definition
| induced by treatment or medical procedures |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis |
|
Definition
found on skin and in upper respiratory , gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| staphylococcus noninvasive disease |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis, sties, furuncles, carbuncles |
|
Definition
| cutaneous staphylococcus diseases |
|
|
Term
Toxic Shock Syndrome
S.aureus |
|
Definition
staphylococcus grow in wound or in an abraded vagina
fever, vomiting, red rash, extremely low vlood pressure, and loss of sheets of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S. aureus
presence of bacteria in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S.aureus
may attack lining of the heart
most do not survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus in blood can invade lungs and filld with fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus ivades a bone, inflammation of the bone marrow and surrounding bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to many forms of antibiotics. More people die of this than HIV in the U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diverse assemblage of Gram-positive coccie arranged in pairs or chains. faculate anaerobes |
|
|
Term
Group A Streptococcus
Streptococcus pyogenes |
|
Definition
S.pyogenes
evade phagocytosis by M protein and Hyaluronic acid capsule
infects pharynx or skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S.pyogenes
"strep throat"
inflammation of pharynx with fever, malaise and headache
back of throat is swollen, with swollen lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
scarlatina s.pyogenes
rash spreads from chest accross body
sloughing of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lesions on face and legs
impetigo
pain and inflammation on face |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteremia and severe multisystem infections
s.pyogenes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
s.pyogenes
flesh eating bacteria
destroy tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complication of untread s.pyogenes pharyngitis
inflammation leads to damage of heart valves and muscles |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Streptococcus |
|
Definition
penicillin very effective
antibodies against M protein |
|
|
Term
Group B. Streptococcus
Streptococcus agalactiae |
|
Definition
gram positive
capsules are not protective against antibodies
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gram positive bacteria
normal member of the pharyngeal microbiota that can colonize the lungs, sinuses, and middle ear
otis media, endocarditis, meningitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gram positive cocci, pathogenic in humans
live in intestinal tracts of animals
can cause problems if infect other parts of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram positive bacilli into endospore-forming and non-endospore forming genera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large, rod shaped, facultatlively anaerobic bacterium that normal dwells in soil
endospore forming
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
b.anthracis
through breaks in skin
bioterrorism
gastrointestinal, cutaneous, inhalation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anaerobic, gram-positive endospore forming bacillus that is ubiquitous in soil, water, sewage and gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rapid growth
11 toxins that lyse erthrocytes and leukocytes, kills cels
mild food poisoning to life threatening illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial waste product produced by tissue death due to c.perfringens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
motile, anaerobic intestinal bacterium
form endospores
opportunistic in patients treated with wide-spectrum antimicrobial drugs
pseudomembranous colitis-colon wall sloughs off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anaerobic, endospore forming gram positive common in soil and water worldwide
Botulism toxins act by binding irreversibly to neuronal cytoplasmic membranes, preventing fusion of vesicles and secretion of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft-flaccid paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small, motile, obligate anaerobe that produces endospore
in soil, dust and GI tracts of animals and humans
lockjaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low G+C Gram-positive non-endospore forming bacillus found in soil, water, mammals, birds fish and insects
enters body through contaminated food and drink |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have sterols in their cytoplasmic membranes, lack cell walls
Pelvic Inflammatory disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high G+C pleomorphic, non-endospore forming bacteria
on plants and in animals and humans
divide via snapping division
|
|
|
Term
| corynebacterium diphtheriae |
|
Definition
transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets or skin contact
sore throat, pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary mycobacterial disease
respiratory disease
waxy cell walls
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mycobacterium leprae
Hansen's disease
high G+C Gram positive bacillus
stained with acid fast stain
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opportunistic bacterial pathogen that infects numerous sites, lungs, skin, and central nervous system
causes pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
|
Definition
| blood clots throughout the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathogenic, Gram-negative, oxidase-positive coccus, contains Lipid A |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes gonorrhea, sexually transmitted disease of humans, can cause pelvic inflammatory disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes a type of meningitis, bacterium is transmitted on respiratory droplets and is life threatening when it enters the bloodstream or central nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Enterobacteriaceae, enteric bacteria |
|
Definition
| can be pathogenic, oxidase negative, reduce nitrate to nitrite, ferment glucose anaerobically, siderophores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in intestinal tracts of animals and humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common and most widely studied coliform. causes gastroenteritis, non-nosocomial urinary tract infection, hemolytic uremia syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Salmonellosis serious form of diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| S. enterica, typhoid fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shigella, severe form of diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Bubonic and pneumonic plague |
|
Definition
| Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, virulent form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bang's disease, undulent fever, Malta fever, Brucella in unpasteurized contaminated milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bordetella pertussis whooping cough, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rabbit fever or tick fever, Francisella tularensis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legionellosis, pontiac fever, caused by legionella, transmitted by aerosols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extremely small, gram-negative, obligate intracelular parasites |
|
|
Term
| Rocky mountain spotted fever |
|
Definition
Rickettsia rickettsii
serious illness transmitted by ticks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pickettsia rickettsii, lice-borne disease |
|
|
Term
human monocytic ehrlichiosis
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, nonmotile, obligate intracellular parasites, elementary bodies-infectious, reticulate bodies- noninfectious, and inclusion body-edosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes the most reported sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by Treponema pallidum pallidum, sexually transmitted obligate parasite of humans, chancre, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infected mother infects her fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teronema pallidum pertenue, skin disease in South America, central africa, and southeast asia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Borrelia burgdorferi, disease transmitted by ticks Ixodes bull's eye rash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zoonotic disease in humans transmitted via animal urine and characterized by pain, headacher, liver and kidney dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genus of Gram-negative curved bacteria with polar flagella that naturally live in marine environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes cholera, disease contracted via the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Cholera has been pandermic through the centuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enters the body via ingestion of shellfish from contaminated waters, milder form of cholera gastroenteristis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in domestic animal resevoirs, commonly causes gastroenteritis when ingested in contaminated food, water, or milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces the amount of mucus produced in the stomach, acidic gastric juice eats away the stomach lining causing peptic ulcers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the diagnosis, management and prevention of mycoses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi that spread my human-to human contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| correlates signs and symptoms with microscopic examinatino of tissues or labratory cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kills most fungi and can be uses to treat most fungal infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fungal infections that spread throughout the body
Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Paracoccidioides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Histoplasma capsulatum
associated primarily with bat and bird droppings in soil in the Ohio River Valley |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the eastern U.S. and is caused by blastomyces dermatitidis, normally lives in soil rich in organic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coccidioides immitis
common in AIDS patients contaminated dust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paracoccidioides brasiliensis found in Brazil and some other regions of south and central america, permanently disfiguring lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pneumocystis jiroveci
leading cause of death in AIDS patients in the U.S. The organism shows a blend of characteristics similar to those of both protozoans and fungi. multiplies rapidly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Candida, most important pathogen of AIDS patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of diseases caused by Aspergillus species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cryptococcus neoformans common in bird droppings and soil manifest as cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS pts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign, superficial infections of the hair shafts that can be transmitted among family members through shared brushes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tineas, ringworms superficial skin, nail and hair infections cause by fungi transmitted from individual to individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malassezia furfur, fungus that infects the skin, discolored patches of skin |
|
|
Term
| Chromobastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis |
|
Definition
| dark-pigmented fungi, traumatic introduction of fungi into the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invasive and destructive infections following introduction of soil fungi through scrapes or pricks from vegetation, surgery or amputation is required to remove it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inoculation of soil fungi by thorn pricks, lesions along the course of lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of fungal metabolism, if ingested can result in death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results from eating mycotoxic mushrooms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aspergillus, well known mycotoxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Double stranded, enveloped, complex capsid, smallpox, molluscum cantagiosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Double stranded, enveloped, icosahedral, Herpes virus, chickenpox, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double stranded, naked, icosahedral, papillomavirus, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Double Stranded, naked, icosahedral, polymavirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Double stranded, naked, icosahedral, mastadenovirus, conjunctivitis, respiratory infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partial single and partial double, enveloped, icosahedral, orthohepadnavirus (Hep B) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded , naked, icosahedral, erythrovirus (fifth disease) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eradicated by nature in 1980, variola minor-less sever, variola major- more severe, monkey px and cowpox can infect humans but it is rare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fever blisters, genital herpes, chickenpox, shingles, mononucleosis, cancer, |
|
|
Term
| Human herpesvirus 1 and 2 |
|
Definition
painful coldsores and lesions on lips and genitals
LATENT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one eye, sensitivity to blindness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflamed blister resulting from infection of Herpes 1 or 2 in cut of skin (health professionals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster (Shingles in adults) latent
lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infectious cancer caused by human herpesvirus 4, Epstein Barr Virus. Also causes mono, hodgkins lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, hairy leukoplakia in AIDS pts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytomeglavirus, causes infectious cells to enlarge, can be fatal to newborns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| roseola, rose colored rash on face of children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orphan virus, has no disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes Kaposi's sarcoma, cancer in AIDS pts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| papilloma, benign growth of epithelium or mucous membrane caused by paplillomavirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large, cauliflower like genital warts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BK JC viruses, infect the kidneys of most people, only in immunosuppressed people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infects the liveer, transmitted in blood and other bodily fluids, only DNA virus that causes hepatitis, vaccine against but no treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded positive, naked, icosahedral, enterovirus (polio), rhinovirus (common cold), hepatovirus (hep A) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, positive, naked, icosahedral, norovirus (acute gastroenteritis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, positive, naked, icosahedral, helpvirus(hep E) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, positive, naked, icosahedral, astrovirus (gastroenteritis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, positive, enveloped, icosahedral, alphavirus (encephalitis) and Rubivirus (rubella) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, positive, enveloped, icosahedral, flavivirus (yellow fever) and hepacivirus (Hep C) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, positive, enveloped, helical, coronavirus (common cold, SARS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, positive, segmented, enveloped, icosahedral, deltaretrovirus (leukemia) Lentivirus (AIDS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, negative, enveloped, helical, paramyxovirus (colds, respiratory infections), Pneumovirus( respiratory syncitial disease) morillivirus (measles), Rubulavirus (mumps) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, negative, enveloped, helical, lyssavirus (rabies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, negative, enveloped, helical, ebolavirus (ebola hemorrhagic fever), Marburgvirus (marburg hemorrhagic fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, negative, segmented, enveloped, helical, influenzavirus (flu) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, negative, segmented, enveloped, helical, bunyavirus( encephalitis) hantavirus (pneumonia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
single stranded, negative, segmented
enveloped, helical, lassavirus (hemorrhagic fever), Deltavirus (hep D) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Double stranded, segmented, naked, icosahedral, rotavirus ( diarrhea) Coltivirus (colorado tick fever) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest, rhinoviruses, enteroviruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
