Term
| How come Engl and was the birthplace of modern sport and sport management? |
|
Definition
| The thoroughbred Racing & Jockey Club. |
|
|
Term
| What is thoroughbred racing and how did it begin? |
|
Definition
| thoroughbred racing began as local events organized by local breeders. wealthy men controlled races but it was strictly for entertainment not financial reasons. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Jockey Club / what was it used for? |
|
Definition
| the settle disputes, establish rules, determine eligibility, designate officials, regulate breeding, punish unscrup. participants. |
|
|
Term
| What was the result of useing the English Club System as a model to develop sports for the U.S? |
|
Definition
| it didn't work didnt have the class system (aristocratic society). However, harness racing did emerge |
|
|
Term
| what is harness racing, effects, how was it managed? |
|
Definition
| Harness racing started out informal and began to grow in popularity to the point it needed to use horse racing tracks. the sport attracted a large group which was middle class. it was a big market in which promoters could work with. and managed by the track owners. |
|
|
Term
| how was harness racing destroyed? |
|
Definition
| it was destroyed when people discovered the races were fixed. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| national league founder for baseball, the national association was est. in 1871. he was the "Czar of baseball", created a league structure |
|
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Term
| what did william hulbert do in attempt to clean up the baseball atmosphere? result? |
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Definition
| he tried to clean up atmosphere, strict enforcement of league schedule and all rules, reduce gambling, distribute talent among A teams, require only teams in league to play eachother, and only 1 national league team in or near a given city. result... still around. |
|
|
Term
| what was the first sport to successfully employ a league structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are tournament sports? |
|
Definition
| golf, soccer, tennis, baseball, basketball |
|
|
Term
| how did tournament sports begin? |
|
Definition
| entertainment of wealthy men when started and began with golf and tennis |
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|
Term
| who claims to have the first program for sport management in college and who really did? |
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Definition
| ohio university in 1966 claims they did, but florida southern in 1949 had a sport management curriculum |
|
|
Term
| because of the growing need in sport management, they needed to develop a worthy curriculum? what were some areas in early programs? what were the problems? |
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Definition
| the studies were communications,, basic management, financial classes, accounting, and phys ed. problems were kids weren't learning good enough and it was the role of the educators to prepare students for future as a manager in the sports industry. |
|
|
Term
| what is NASSM and what was its purpose? |
|
Definition
| North American Society for Sport Management the purpose was to promote, stimulate, and encourage study, research, scholarly writing, and professional development in the area of sport management. |
|
|
Term
| What does the future bring for sport management? how has the academic field grown? |
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Definition
| the academic field has grown tremendously and the curriculum for the program has changed drastically over time and will continue to. It has moved from an emphasis in PE to content areas in management and business. |
|
|
Term
| What is the world of sports and how does it affect us? |
|
Definition
| it is a dominant influence in american society and it receives an unparalleled amount of media attention in all different types of media. It includes not only professional and college events but also youth, high school, and recreation. |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest segment of sports? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the industry in its entirety is worth over? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| it is the ? largest industry |
|
Definition
| 11th and keeps growing every year. |
|
|
Term
| what is sport management? |
|
Definition
| management/business aspects of sports. the study of all people, activities, or organizations and businesses involved in producing, facilitating, promoting, or organizing any sport productor service. |
|
|
Term
| the beginnings originated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 disciplines of sport management |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what facest does the sport management industry incorporate? |
|
Definition
| 11 of them... business administration,management functions, accounting, finance, sales, marketing, law, communication, ethics, consumer entertainment, spectator industry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
creating demand,
obtain the best possible understanding of what consumers want,
all activities designed to meet the needs and wants of sport consumers through exchange process. |
|
|
Term
| three major thrusts of marketing... products, services, entities. describe |
|
Definition
1. equipment, apparel, footwear
2. skill lessons or club memberships
3. leagues, teams individuals |
|
|
Term
| Evolution of sports broadcasting |
|
Definition
| from pure, factual reporting aimed at sports fans to sport entertainment aimed at the masses. |
|
|
Term
| roone arledge - lasting contributions? |
|
Definition
| ABC monday night fball; combined entertainment & sport. Lasting contributions were instant replay, sideline interviews, letting owners chose announcers, and more cameras/angles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 11 ESPN, ESPN2, ESPN classic, ESPN news, ESPN zone, ESPN.com, ESPNU, ESPN360, ESPN deportes, ESPN radio, ESPN 3d. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the acquisition of rights to affiliate or directly associate with a product/event for the purpose of deriving benefits related to that affiliation. |
|
|
Term
| What was the first collegiate athletic event? |
|
Definition
| rowing - harvord v yale in new hampshire, sponsored by local R.R. company. |
|
|
Term
| who started the use of the word "official" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did mark mccormack do? |
|
Definition
| built IMG through golfer arnold palmer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air jordan, packaging of the nike brand, product, advertising, and athlete into one personality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| michael jordan - first built up air jordan and built up MJ to where he is today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Barnum of Baseball" - personal philosophy - creating the greatest enjoyment for the greatest number of people not by detracting from the game, but by adding a few moments of simple pleasure. |
|
|
Term
| the team must provide other reasons besides the game itself for people to attend and support the franchise. what 3 |
|
Definition
1. creating the greatest joy for greatest # of people.
2. pleasureable attending experience
3. create conversation |
|
|
Term
| what were some of bill veecks techniques and innovations? |
|
Definition
| midget, fan vote, always engaged w/ fans, massive scoreboards and fireworks, create clean enviroment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| credited w/ formalizing customer research in the sport industry |
|
|
Term
| what did matt levine believe was the purpose of research in sport marketing? concepts? |
|
Definition
| create profiles & categorize attendance behavior and evaluate. concepts - audience audit, intercepts, focus groups, pass-by interviews. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| way to capture demographic/cyphographic gratification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one on one on-site interviews |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small groups (8-12) w/ similar characteristics and questions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on-site interviews in heavy traffic areas like malls, san jose sharks logo, colors changed as a result of pass-by interviews. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controllable variables that the company puts together to satisfy a target group. |
|
|
Term
| 4 P's in the marketing mix & def. |
|
Definition
product- actual event/experience
price- depends on value/perceived value
place- preselling & exceptional location
promotion- advertising, personal selling, publicity and sales promotion. |
|
|
Term
| Sport organizations often simultaneously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sport consumers consider themeselves ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| consumer demans fluctulate widely |
|
Definition
| geographical, seasonal, cultural |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inconsistent and unpredictable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identifying subgroups of the overall marketplace based on age, income level, ethnicity, geography, and/or lifestyle tendencies |
|
|
Term
| 2 popular bases of segmentation |
|
Definition
1. ethnic marketing - growth of hispanic population - espn deportes
2. Generational Marketing - generation y and action sports. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the personal commitment and emotional involvement customers have w/ a sport organization.
enhanced long-term loyalty within sports fans.
sponsorship opportunities, ability to tap into the strong emotional connection btw a fan and his/her sport team. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aids in fostering identification with sports teams, begins w/ the customer and encourages integration of the customer into the company, builds relationships through communication, satisfaction, and service. |
|
|
Term
| why is relationship marketing so important? |
|
Definition
| ex) loyal fan gift awards, special access to players, and special access to games, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to provide consistent high quality service is becomming a source of competitive advantages for firms. |
|
|
Term
| what is the best plan for retention in service quality? |
|
Definition
| to ensure that the fans become raging fans |
|
|
Term
| key skills of service quality (7) |
|
Definition
| oral communications, written communications, computer capabilities,personnel management, sales, education, understanding of the sports product. |
|
|
Term
| Current issues in service quality |
|
Definition
ticket prices (drastic increase of cost, fans dont want to pay)
database marketing (integral factor in a companys decision to sponsor an event)
cluttered marketplace (numerous & various entertainment options are available to a consumer in leisure time)
image ( positive image development is becoming inscreasingly important) |
|
|
Term
| fan cost index (FCI) - includes |
|
Definition
| four average price tickets, four small soft drinks, two small beers, four hot dogs, two game programs, parking, two adult size caps. |
|
|
Term
| Avg value of NFL, NBA, MLB, & NHL franchise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Management process is formed useing what areas? |
|
Definition
| planning, organizing, leading & evaluating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterizes the modern approach to management. it involves the study and application of the human side of management and organization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| need to stress: concept of employee involvement, employee empowerment, manager's concern with the human component of employees. Overall it comes down to productivity |
|
|
Term
| Functional areas of sport managers: PLANNING |
|
Definition
| planning- organized goals & determining appropriate means by which to achieve these desired goals, setting course of action for sport orginization, organized plans should be ready for change and evolve, managers must participate in both short/long term planning |
|
|
Term
| functional areas of sport managers: ORGANIZATION |
|
Definition
| what jobs need to be performed, whos responsible. developing an organized chart, position descriptions, position qualifications. Staffing: orientation, training, & development of staff members. |
|
|
Term
| functional areas of sport manager: LEADING |
|
Definition
| "action" part of process. Delegation involves assigning responsibility & accountability for results to employees. Managers must manage any differences or changes that may take place, managers handle conflicts, work problems, or communication difficulties; stimulate creativity and motivate employees. |
|
|
Term
| functional areas of sport managers: Evaluating |
|
Definition
| Measuring and ensuring progress towards organizational objectives, progress is accomplished by the employees effectiveness, est. report systems; performance standards; comparing employees performance to set standards; design reward systems. |
|
|
Term
| sport management industry is a what kind of industry |
|
Definition
| people-intensive. - interaction with unique clientele. must be able to treat all people fairly, ethically and with respect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowing how to say something to another person is equally as important as knowing what to say to another person. |
|
|
Term
| sport managers and capabilities w/ communications |
|
Definition
| must be able to give speeches to community groups, schools, & business leaders. Must be able to write in many different styles. Answering each question professionally & courteously wins a lifelong fan, must be able to treat all people fairly, ethically, & w/ respect. |
|
|
Term
| sport managers and capabilities w/ communications |
|
Definition
| must be able to give speeches to community groups, schools, & business leaders. Must be able to write in many different styles. Answering each question professionally & courteously wins a lifelong fan, must be able to treat all people fairly, ethically, & w/ respect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differences between individuals, including age, race, gender, sexual orientation, disability, education, and social background. |
|
|
Term
| current situation w/ diversity |
|
Definition
- women & minorities are still underpresented in managerial positions
- more women, people of color, and disabilities are needed at mangerial level in sport industry.
- need a shift in employment practices. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
usage of technology in sport industry (customer data collection & advanced ticket systems)
usage of technology in the workplace (video conferencing & multimedia presentations)
computerized ticketing systems such as PACIOLAN & PROLOGUE
online surveys used for data collection
MLB media tracker and fan tracker |
|
|
Term
| decision making. classic model in 2001 |
|
Definition
1. problem statements.
2. generate alternatives.
3. evaluate alternatives.
4. select best alternatives. |
|
|
Term
| participative decision making |
|
Definition
| employees or members of the organization participate in the actual decision making process. Group decision should be used when more ideas need to be generated, there is a great deal of info to share, alternative perspectives are needed, and fairness of decision is highly valued. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of power or some other resource outside the formal definition of a person's job to get a perferred outcome. |
|
|
Term
| four types of political tactics used in organizational politics |
|
Definition
| coalitions, outside experts, links/networks, controlling info. |
|
|
Term
| sport orginzations have ? and ? leaders |
|
Definition
formal - athletic director
informal- coach. |
|
|
Term
| managing change- people tend to resist change for a number of reasons. what should managers do? |
|
Definition
appreciate employees resistance, plan for resistance and provide additional training & communications. Select priorities for change.
plan to deliver early tangible results and publicize successes to build momentum and support.
involve employees @ every stage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| critical for everyone to be one same page. many theories are maslows hierachy of needs, herzbergs 2 factor ideas, vrooms expectancy theory & adams equity theory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initiative enables you to learn about different aspects of the sport organization your working with, allows you to meet and interact w/ people outside the office you work in, increasing your network; shows your employer your commitment to the working industry. |
|
|
Term
| current issues with taking the initiative. |
|
Definition
human resources - diversity, perform self study on organization to evaluate effectiveness.
management theory - empowerment and emotional intelligence.
managing technology- undestanding how expanding tech. will improve customer relations and service.
international sport management - must be aware that domestic models of sport governance cannot be unilaterally imposed on other cultures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cash and/or in-kind fee paid to a property in return for access to the exploitable commercial, potential associated with that property. |
|
|
Term
| sponsorship is one of the ......in sport marketing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sponsorship fee's often exceed $? per year and are structered as multiyear deals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sponsorship provides a company with... |
|
Definition
| association, value, exposure, & opportunities to levrage their affiliation to achieve marketing objectives. ex. nike w/ tiger woods |
|
|
Term
| in 2002 $? was spent in sport sponsorships |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1984 los angeles olympic games was the.... of sport sponsorship |
|
Definition
| watershed year in evolution |
|
|
Term
| President Peter Useberroth became commissioner of what franchise? & what did he do? |
|
Definition
| MLB, and he raised sponsorship bar for major professional sports league. |
|
|
Term
| reasons for sponsorship growth |
|
Definition
increased media interest in sport.
comapnies can "break through the clutter" of traditional advertising.
sponsorship can reach its target consumer through their lifestyles.
enable corporate marketers to reach specific segments, such as:Heavy users, shareholders, and investors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variety of short-term promotional activation that are designed to stimulate immediate product demand. |
|
|
Term
| Example of sales promotion - In Venue Promotions.. |
|
Definition
| increase the amount of "value-added" benefits that teams provide their paying customers. |
|
|
Term
| success of promotion varies widely on: |
|
Definition
| time of season, team wins, day of promotion, opponent, perceived quality of the item. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
companies often leverage sponsorships at retail level.
premiums- merchandise offered free or at a reduced price as an inducement to buy a different item/s.
contests/sweepstakes.
sampling - one of the most effective sales promotion tools to induce consumers to try a product. |
|
|
Term
| point-of-sale or point-of-purchase materials. |
|
Definition
| used by marketers to attract consumers attention to their product/service and their promotional campaign at the retail level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joining together of two or more companies to capitalize on a sponsorship is becoming increasingly popular & effective. |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of cross-promotion |
|
Definition
creates more "bang for their buck"
share the total cost of the sponsorship
utilize existing business relationships
piggy back opportunity
has become increasingly important to "think outside the box" as how sponsors can be joined. |
|
|
Term
| sponsorship packages: sponsor benefits |
|
Definition
-exclusively in ones product on service category
- official designations
- leagues and teams offer multiple designations tied to sport and sponsors product or service category.
- rights to utilize sport organizations intellectual property in advertising and promotion campaigns.
- advertising support
- in-stadium signage and promotional announcements.
- potential new business through access and opportunity. |
|
|
Term
| sponsorship packages: league/team benefits |
|
Definition
rights fee
multiyear commitment
advertising commitment
commitment to team-orientated promotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
governing body sponsorship- entails securing "official sponsor" status.
team sponsorship - appropriate platform for local/regional companies or companies with smaller marketing budgets.
athlete sponsorship - involves some type of endorsement of the sponsors product or service.
media channel sponsorship- companies that purchase advertising or programming during sport-related broadcasts.
facility sponsorship- enables companies to tie directly to the event atmosphere.
sport-specific sponsorship- enables companies to direct its sponsorship efforts to a specific sports. |
|
|
Term
| evaluating sport sponsorship. vital due to.. |
|
Definition
growing finance commitments necessary to effectively activate sport sponsorship programs.
-no one exact formula for measuring ROI |
|
|
Term
| For ROI companies use the following: (3) |
|
Definition
-internal feedback - sales/promo bounceback measures.
-print media exposure- tv media exposure
consumer research - dealer/trade response & syndicated consumer research. |
|
|
Term
| * its difficult to determine how much incremental sales are directly attributable to a specific sponsorship program.* |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| many companies conduct periodic consumer surveys to determine the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many companies engaged in sport sponsorship outsource the negotiation and/or implementation of their sponsorship programs. |
|
|
Term
| Current issues in sport marketing |
|
Definition
ethnic marketing, sport organization have begun to adopt strategies to more effectively target ethnic group.
-overcommercialization - consumers have an emotional threshold for accepting a constant bombardment of corporate names,logos, messages.
-gambling- sport organizations have embraced gambling as a growing source of sponsorship revenue. |
|
|
Term
| Sports agency is a highly competitive business in which many agents start off.. |
|
Definition
| with no clients or are doing agency work part-time. |
|
|
Term
| this person was often cited as the first sport agent. who did this person also work with? |
|
Definition
| C.C. "cash&carry" pyle. worked with susan lenglen and red grange. |
|
|
Term
| agents have existed in individual sports such as.....? and ? for a longer time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sport Agency: 7 factors that influenced growth. |
|
Definition
1. evolution of players associations.
2. free agency granted to players through the messersmith-mcnally arbitration decision.
3. growth of sport broadcasting industry led to greater media revenues for leagues and teams.
4. need for tax planning increases as salaries increased.
5. development of competing leagues created competition for players and thus higher salaries.
6. increased number of tours for individual sport/athletes.
7. increased opportunity for athletes to increase income w/ opening up of tv/entertainment industries. |
|
|
Term
| Sports Agency: Representing individual athletes. |
|
Definition
| income dependance on consistent performance in events, appearence fees of events, and ability to promote and market the athlete. the agent often travels w/ the athlete, tending to all the problems so the athlete can stay focused. Lg firms that do individual representation often are involved in all aspects of sport, causing possible conflict of interest. |
|
|
Term
| sport agency: representing coaches and management. |
|
Definition
| because of added pressures, the number for coaches to have agents is increasing. increaed complexities of coaching may make having an agent to rely on for advice and counsel almost a necessity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Free Standing firms- full service firm providing a lg range of services to athlete.
2. law practice-only firm- lawyer performs many legal tasks (contract, arbitration, legal counseling, disputes, etc.)
3. sport management firm affiliated w/ a law firm - each fills a void by providing the services the other does not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small has greater success rep. athletes in one sport and focusing on 1/2 services for athletes or coaches. advantage is athletes receive increased attention and are rep by agent they signed w/.
disadv.- solo agent cannot offer as many services as lg firm. |
|
|
Term
| conglomerate girms in sport agency |
|
Definition
agent may be part of international conglomerate representing many athletes in a broad range of sports. adv- lg firms employ professionals to discipline and provide service. they have many contacts and more services.
disadv- the client could be looked at as a "small fish in a big pond" |
|
|
Term
| 4 methods of fee's charged by agents. |
|
Definition
1. flat fee arrangement- athlete must pay agent an amount of money before the agent acts for athlete.
2. percentage of compensation method- often covers negotiation plus all work related to the provisions of the contract over its term.
3. hourly rate.
4. hourly rate w/ compensation cap. |
|
|
Term
| fee issues in sport agency firms |
|
Definition
1. players association limit amount of agent fees.
2. fierce competition for clients have driven avrg fees down to 2-3%.
3. limitation only exists for the fees the agents can charge for negotiating the athletes contract, not for marketing deals. |
|
|
Term
| career opportunities w/ sports agency firms |
|
Definition
1. sport marketing representitive - coordinate all marketing and sponsorship activities for sport properties.
2. sports agents - may perform just one function or may have a number of employees performing functions for clients. |
|
|
Term
| function of the sport agent: player/coach contract negotiation. |
|
Definition
| agent has to be knowledgable about the sport, rules, regulations, etc. agents must understand the value of the players or coaches service, and agents must administer the contract and ensure the parties comply w/ their contract promises. |
|
|
Term
| Functions of sport agent: Marketing the athlete/coach |
|
Definition
| agents should develop in which each endorsement creates an image consistent w/ the athletes/coaches ambitions. The agent must keep in mind the athletes/coaches career may be short lived & familiar w/ their restrictions for marketing.Usually seek product endorsements before non-product endorsements. |
|
|
Term
| Functions of sport agent: financial planning. |
|
Definition
| covers banking and cash flow management, tax planning, investment advising, estate planning and risk management. Agents often attempt to take on this function w/o proper skills training leading to incompetence and negligence. Disability insurance plans to protect the athlete from a career ending injury. |
|
|
Term
| Function of agent: career and post-career planning. |
|
Definition
| agent must help a client with transition into a professional career and again w/ the transition into retirement from sport. agent must maxamize players earning potential during and after career. |
|
|
Term
| function of sports agent: legal counsel and dispute resolution |
|
Definition
| provide legal couneling on contract and other legal matters - however, nature of legal work may dictate that a lawyer specializing in a particular area is better suited for providing the actual legal services. resolve dispute the athlete or coach may have w/ his or her league, team,fans,referees, or umpires, press, or endorsement companies. |
|
|
Term
| Current issues: unethical behavior |
|
Definition
1.income mismanagement.
2.incompetence.
3.conflicts of interest.
4.charging of excessive fees.
5.overly aggressive client recruition. |
|
|
Term
| current issues: agent regulation |
|
Definition
sport agents today must maneuver through a male of conduct-governance regulations.
Many group regulate agents:
-players associations: agents register w/ unions and pay fee.
- states (41 have some form of regulation)
- federal govn't (fed. trade comission)
-NCAA |
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|
