Term
|
Definition
| localized collection of pus; variable shape; near surgery sites; gas/ reverb artifact |
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Term
|
Definition
| female; bilateral rightsidedness; reversed AO/IVC; horseshoe kidney; absent spleen |
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Term
|
Definition
| male; bilateral leftsidedness; multiple spleens |
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Term
|
Definition
| a normal arrangement of asymmetric body parts |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| wide spectrum of abnormalities between 2 extremes |
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|
Term
| accessory spleens (splenunculi) |
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Definition
| 30% of autopsies; common normal variant; near hilum; may torse; may confuse with LN or masses |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by blunt injury; symptoms: hypovolemic shock or LUQ pain;more common in children; assoc w/ pleural effusion; 24-48 hrs looks like normal spleen |
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Term
|
Definition
| crescent shaped; capsule remains intact |
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Term
|
Definition
| ruptured capsule; irregular shape |
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Term
|
Definition
| wheel in a wheel; multiple nodules in immunocompromised pts.; bulls eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| splenomegaly;focal hyperechoic nodules |
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Term
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Definition
| splenomegaly;well defined hypoechoic (usu) nodules; familial disorder of fat metabolism; 50% < 8 yr old |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by occlusion od splenic artery or its brances; peripheral wedge shaped hyp- lesion; assoc w/ bacterial endocarditis and splenic artery aneurysms |
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Term
|
Definition
| may appear as simple cyst but will have fever, abd pain, LUQ pain, leukocytosis; assoc w/ generalized sepsis; ill defined irreg. borders |
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Term
|
Definition
| most common benign primary neoplasm of the spleen;males 20-50 yr; assoc. w/ Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber |
|
|
Term
| Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome |
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Definition
| hypertrophy of bones and tissue; affects one extremity; skin varices |
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|
Term
| posttraumatic cysts (pseudocysts) |
|
Definition
| no cellular lining; may have calc. walls; low level echoes (cholesterol crystals/debris) |
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Term
|
Definition
| due to pancreatitis; pancreatitis symptoms; possible pseudoaneurysms |
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Term
|
Definition
| sites are usually melanoma, breast, lung, lymphoma, leukemia; usu. hypoechoic but variable |
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|
Term
| primary malignancy of spleen |
|
Definition
| rare; two types are lymphoma and angiosarcoma |
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Term
|
Definition
| may be caused by echinococcus; dx by serologic tests and geographic background; "eggshell calcification"; fever, LUQ pain, incr. WBCs |
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Term
|
Definition
| "eyeball" technique; >12 cm; may have palp mass; L. kid displaced inf. |
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|
Term
| Mild to Moderate splenomegaly |
|
Definition
| infection, portal htn, AIDS |
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Term
|
Definition
| leukemia, lymphoma, mononucleosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| myelofibrosis (replacement of bone marrow with fibrous tissue) |
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Term
|
Definition
| another cause of splenomegaly due to over production of blood cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3:1 female; 3rd to 5th decade; 4 types are endothelial, epithelial, pseudocyst, parasitic |
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Term
|
Definition
| excessive cortisol secretion due to increased ACTH production from a pituitary adenoma |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocele (retroperitoneal) |
|
Definition
| fluid collection containing lymph;assoc w/ renal transplant; occurs 10-21 days after surgery |
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Term
|
Definition
| abd pain, fever, palp mass; complex, thick wall, variable appearance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| walled off collection of extravasated urine; caused by trauma, surgery or chronic urinary obstruction |
|
|
Term
| retroperitoneal hemorrhage |
|
Definition
| caused by trauma, bleeding, leaking AAA or post surg.; common sites are psoas muscle and perinephric space |
|
|
Term
| retroperitoneal fibrosis (Ormond's Disease) |
|
Definition
| 2-6 cm thick fibrous tissue; looks like plaque around distal AO; assoc w, bilateral ureteral obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spread is lymphatic or hematogenous, or by direct extension; most common METS from testicles and pelvis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| enlarged LN; malignant are round or oval w/ cortical widening; narrowed or absent echogenic hilum; floating AO sign |
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Term
|
Definition
| 25% of severely injured pts.; common in neonates |
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Term
|
Definition
| increased secretion of aldosterone; 70% from adrenal adenoma; htn, muscle weakness, abn ECG |
|
|
Term
| hyperfunctional adrenal cortical carcinoma |
|
Definition
| more common in females; small, homogenous, similar to renal echogenic cortex |
|
|
Term
| nonfunctional adrenal cortical carcinoma |
|
Definition
| more common in males; large, hetero w/ necr, hemorr, calc |
|
|
Term
| adrenal cortical carcinoma |
|
Definition
| rare; 4th decade; poor px; invasion of adrenal vein, IVC, and lymph glands |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| benign fatty mass; hyperechoic |
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Term
|
Definition
| 4th most common site for METS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anechoic fluid; free floating bowel; conforms to strux; thick GB wall; decreased albumin and cell count; clear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| septations, echogenic debris, loculations; matted bowel loops; does not conform to strux;increased albumin and cell count; cloudy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually takes place in ER; focused assessment w/ sonography for trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of blood, pus, or neplastic cells in the fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of glandular epithelium; increased incidence with age; 10% bilateral; majority are nonfunctioning |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| effusion of blood into peritoneal cavity; caused by trauma, ruptured ectopic preg; large echogenic mass, hetero over time |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| excess secretion of epinephrine and NE; 2nd-5th decades; more common on right; assoc w/ von Hippel-Lindau;palpitations, perspiration,intermittent htn, headaches |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| lymph collection in peritoneal cavity; fluid-fluid level |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| lymph collection in peritoneal cavity; fluid-fluid level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare; often fatal; gelatinous ascites; bowel appear as "starburst" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no clinical significance; have epithelial or endothelial lining; arise from meso cells in spleen; avg size 10cm; types are lymphangiomas or cystic hemangiomas |
|
|
Term
| primary retroperitoneal tumors |
|
Definition
| men 3:1; 70-90% malignant; 22-50% survival after 5 yrs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What class of organic molecules is hCG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does hCG support the growth of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can the presence of hCG be detected? |
|
Definition
| maternal serum(in blood) and urine |
|
|
Term
| In relation to LMP, when may hCG be first detected? |
|
Definition
| 3 weeks after 1st day of LMP (day 21) |
|
|
Term
| When may hCG be detected in relation to ovulation? |
|
Definition
| 7-10 days after ovulation (day 21-24) |
|
|
Term
| How often does the hCG level double? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At about how many weeks does the level of hCG plateau in its production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testing the urine produces what type of analysis of hCG? |
|
Definition
| qualitative; positive or negative only NOT amount |
|
|
Term
| What type of analysis of hCG is possible with serum detection (Beta hCG)? |
|
Definition
| quantitative;specific levels present in blood |
|
|
Term
| If hCG level is high for given dates, what might be suspected? |
|
Definition
| incorrect dates(LMP), multiples, GTD or GTN (Gestational Trophoblastic Disease/Neoplasia) |
|
|
Term
| If hCG is low for what is expected, what is suspected? |
|
Definition
| incorrect LMP, ectopic pregnancy, embryonic demise |
|
|
Term
| What are the three standards recognized for evaluating hCG levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Second International Standard |
|
|
Term
| What does FIRP stand for? |
|
Definition
| WHO's First International Reference Preparation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Third International Standard |
|
|
Term
| How do you convert from SIS to FIRP/TIS? |
|
Definition
beta hCG (FIRP/TIS)/ beta hCG (SIS)=2 OR
"double SIS to get FIRP/TIS" |
|
|
Term
| Where in the uterus does implantation usually occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gestational sac? |
|
Definition
| a fluid filled chorionic sac |
|
|
Term
| What is the first fundamental ultra sound finding of early pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "intradecidual sign"? |
|
Definition
| small GS within the thickened decidua |
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest consistent demonstration of the intradecidual sign? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the General Rule for when we are able to identifying the GS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the threshold level? |
|
Definition
| (4wk 3d)the earliest we expect to see the GS |
|
|
Term
| What is the discriminatory level? |
|
Definition
| 5wk 2d SHOULD always see GS |
|
|
Term
| What 3 indications mean we will ALWAYS see a GS? |
|
Definition
1) Serum beta hCG>800-1,000 mIUml TIS endo vag
2)Serum beta hCG>3600 mIUml (TIS) TA
3) Certain LMP> 5 weeks with a normal 28 day cycle |
|
|
Term
| What serum level of hCG is the TIS beta hCG when we should see the GS endovaginally? |
|
Definition
| 800-1000 mIUml (400-500 SIS) |
|
|
Term
| What serum level of hCG is the TIS beta hCG when we should see the GS transabdominally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What "sign" is associated with the normal GS? |
|
Definition
| "double sac sign" (two echogenic rings) |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the GS? |
|
Definition
| round and then turns oval as it enlarges |
|
|
Term
| Describe the borders of the GS? |
|
Definition
| echogenic well-defined/intact borders |
|
|
Term
| What is the GS filled with? |
|
Definition
| extracoelomic or chorionic sac fluid |
|
|
Term
| Compare amniotic fluid and chorionic fluid. |
|
Definition
| chorionic fluid is more echogenic than aniotic fluid due to high protein content |
|
|
Term
| Where should the GS be located in a normal pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| high (fundus) to mid uterine |
|
|
Term
| In the double sac sign what are the two echogenic lines we see? |
|
Definition
| Decidua capsularis (inner ring closest to GS) Decidua parietalis (outer ring) |
|
|
Term
| What lies between the two echogenic rings in the double decidual sign? |
|
Definition
| the hypoechoic/anechoic uterine cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are GS criteria for dx of an early pregnancy failure (if seen together or with an abnormally large GS)? |
|
Definition
| 1) distorted GS shape 2)thin trophoblastic reaction (<2mm) DC 3) weakly echogenic trophoblast DC 4) abnormally low position of GS |
|
|
Term
| What measurement is used prior to getting a CRL or up to 6 weeks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How accurate is the MSD measurement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much does the GS grow daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more accurate in measuring MSD? TA or TV exams? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the sac diameter measured? |
|
Definition
| in three planes @ fluid-tissue interface or "inner-to-inner" |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for calculating MSD? |
|
Definition
| MSD in mm=(AP+long+trans)/3 |
|
|
Term
| Using MSD, how can you calculate MA? |
|
Definition
| MSD in mm +30 days= MA in days |
|
|
Term
| What is the % that miscarry with a smaller than expected MSD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what MSD should the YS (yolk sac) be present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what MSD should an embryo be present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After how many days should the patient be re-examined if the MSD and associated structures aren't present? |
|
Definition
| 3-4 days to give benefit of the doubt |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary YS and do we see it sonographically? |
|
Definition
| it is the first site of formation of RBC (red blood cells) that will nourish the embryo and NO we can't see it with US |
|
|
Term
| When a sonographer visualizes or speaks of a yolk sac which yolk sac is being seen? |
|
Definition
|
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