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| proof established through interaction between the speaker and the listeners; provides support for a conclusion but not assurance that it is true |
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| would be inferred by most people when exercising their critical judgment |
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| a statement that a speaker asks listeners to accept and that the speaker tries to prove |
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| a mental leap from the supporting material to the claim |
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| specific instances used to illustrate a more general claim |
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| typical of the larger category from which a case is selected |
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| an inference that appears to be sound but that, on inspection, contains a significant flaw |
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| assuming that what is true of the part is automatically true of the whole |
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| assuming that what is true of the whole is automatically true of the part |
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| a comparison of people, places, things, events or more abstract relationships |
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| a direct comparison of objects, people or events |
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| a comparison of the relationships between objects, people or events |
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| something that stands for something else |
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| (as a sign) regarding something that can be observed as a sign of something that cannot |
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| statistical index (as a sign) |
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| a statistical measure that is taken as a sign of an abstraction |
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| (as a sign) a sign relationship that results from norm or social convention |
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| a pattern of inference that suggests that one factor brings about another |
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| assuming that one thing causes another when in fact a third factor is really the cause of both |
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| assuming that, because one event occurred before another, the first is necessarily the cause of the second |
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| testimony from a person who is generally recognized as an authority on a particular subject |
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| testimony from a person who is not an expert |
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| to offer judgments without providing any basis for them |
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| the quality of striking a responsive chord with listeners, causing them to identify with what one is saying |
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| a claim that, on its face, is unrelated to the supporting material |
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| only restating the claim in slightly different words, rather than supporting the claim |
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| making an inference that diverts attention from the issue at hand |
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| materials that the speaker shows to the audience during the speech |
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| a visual arrangement of words or numbers according to some obvious principle |
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| a chart showing the flow or progress through several steps, with alternative paths showing the outcome of different decisions |
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| a visual display of relationships, showing how change in one thing is related to change in another |
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| a graph in which a line connects points, each of which represents a combination of the two items being compared |
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| a graph in which the length of bars indicates the amount or extent of items being compared |
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| visual portrayals of reality |
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| a display of words so that the audience can both see and hear them |
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| a simplified drawing or sketch that represents a more complex object |
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| celluloid sheets that are projected onto a screen with the use of an overhead projector |
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| a presentation using a combination of different media, such as video, animation, sound, drawings, photographs, charts, graphs and text |
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| a writing tablet made of large sheets of paper, usually newsprint, the pages of which can be flipped over after they are used |
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| one or more sheets of paper given out to audience members before or during the speech; at some point the speaker refers to the handout |
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| the pattern of choices attributed to a person by other to characterize or to distinguish him or her |
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| an individual pattern of stylistic choices that characterizes a particular person |
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| a pattern of stylistic choices that characterizes a group with which a person identifies |
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| styles that fit into a category |
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| identify the basic styles of a culture, such as the pioneering spirit or the work ethic |
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| patterns of basic human experiences that recur across time and across cultures, such as rhythm of birth and death or of struggle, defeat and triumph |
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| making self-reference to the speaker or situation |
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| unintentional but possibly meaningful confusion of words or usages |
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| the process of giving meaning to a word |
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| explaining what a term means by identifying specific operations to be performed |
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| the referent for a given word |
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| the feelings or emotional responses associated with a given word |
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| a shift in connotation applied to the same denotation or a shift in denotation applied to the same connotation |
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| a concise statement of a principle, often in the form of a proverb; also called an aphorism |
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| specialized or technical terms within a given field of knowledge |
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| a term that may or may not be widely used in ordinary conversation but that has a specific meaning within a particular field of knowledge |
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| efficiency in the use of words; avoidance of unnecessary words |
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| a word pattern that focuses on who did what and prominently features the agent |
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| a word pattern that focuses on what was done and largely ignores the agent |
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| saying or writing the opposite of what is meant |
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| capable of being interpreted with more than one meaning |
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| a word, phrase or thing that harmoniously accommodates diverse ideas or references within a single positive or negative connotation |
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| speaking simultaneously with different "voices" or on different levels of denotative meaning but with similar connotations |
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| the sense of movement or pacing within a speech |
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| a pattern in which the audience responds to a speaker's questions or prompts, often with a repetitive refrain |
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| the pairing of opposites within a speech, often to suggest a choice between them |
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| graphic, easy to picture. a speech is vivid if its language enables listeners to develop mental pictures of what is being said |
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| a cumulation of details that suggest a mental picture of a person, event or situation |
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| an explicit statement that one thing is like another |
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| naming one thing in terms of another; discussing one thing as though it were another |
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| repetitive consonant sounds |
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| use of sounds that resemble what they describe |
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| discussion of abstract or complex ideas in human terms |
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| reproducing a conversation within a speech |
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| the term of the metaphor that audiences are familiar with and easily able to visualize |
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| the term that the emotions and thoughts are transferred to (in a metaphor) |
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| a question for which no answer is expected; it is asked to get listeners thinking so that they quickly recognize the obvious answer |
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| a memorable phrase that is recalled from a speech and used to identify the speech |
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| repetition of words in successive clauses, but in transposed grammatical order |
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| an implied comparison between two things of unlike nature |
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| an explicit comparison between two things of unlike nature |
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| a figure of speech in which a part stands from the whole |
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| the substitution of some attribute or suggestive word for what is actually meant |
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| the repetition of a word in 2 difference senses |
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| exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect |
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| emphasizing something while seeming to pass over it |
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| deliberate use of understatement |
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| apparently contradictory statement that nevertheless contains some measure of truth |
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