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| An interdisciplinary field that synthesizes acoustics, neuroscience, anatomy, and physiology |
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| Characteristics of Simple Harmonic Motion |
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Definition
1. The pattern of vibration repeats its self (periodic)
2. Each cycle takes the same amount of time (constant period)
3. Frequency is constant |
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| Angular Frequency Equation |
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1. Amplitude depends on amount of initial force
2. Amplitude decreases over time as energy is lost to friction (damping) |
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| Does Sound Travel Faster in Water or Air? |
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| How Does Wavelength and Frequency Relate? |
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| The higher the frequency the smaller the wavelength |
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| Is Sound in Air a Transverse or Longitudinal Wave? |
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| Addition of waves out of phase yields cancelation |
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| As Frequency Increases, the Amplitude of the Corresponding Harmonic... |
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| Unit of Measure for Pitch |
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| Scale for the Perception of Sound Amplitude(Intensity) |
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| Is the Relationship between pitch and frequency Linear or Logarithmic? |
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| dBSPL=20log(P/Pr) (dynes) |
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| Change in dB when Doubling/Halving Factor |
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| Scale for the Perceptual Correlate of Sound Pressure Level(Loudness) |
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| Watts, relates to sound energy |
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| Dynes, relates to sound volume/loudness |
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| Relationship Between Stiffness and Frequency |
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Definition
| Increase stiffness, increase frequency |
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| Relationship Between Mass and Frequency |
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| Increase mass, decrease frequency |
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| Mechanical Resonance Equation |
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| Helmholtz Resonator: Wider/Longer Neck |
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| Helmholtz Resonator: Larger Bowl |
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| Small range of frequencies (small bandwidth), light damping, ex. tuning fork |
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| Large range of frequencies (large bandwidth), heavy damping, ex. vocal tract |
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| Equation for a Tube Open at Both Ends |
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| Equation for a Tube Closed at One End |
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| A thin airtight membrane over the lungs |
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| Covers the inner surface of the ribs |
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| Passive Forces of Respiration |
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1. Natural recoil forces of muscles and tissues
2. Surface tension of alveoli/pleura
3. Gravity |
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| Inspiratory Muscles of Respiration |
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Definition
| Diaphragm, external intercostals, interchondral internal intercostals |
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| Expiratory Muscles of Respiration |
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| Abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis, external/internal obliques, transverse abdominis), internal intercostals |
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| Resting/Relaxation Volume |
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Definition
| The respiratory system is about 40% VC when relaxed and upright |
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| Amount of air exhanged during a typical cycle of quiet breathing, 10% VC |
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| Amount of air exchanged in maximum inspiration/expiration |
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| 1 L= ... cubic cenntimeters |
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| Accessory Muscles of Inspiration for Speech Breathing |
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Definition
| Sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, subclavius, pectoralis major/minor, serratus anterior/posterior/superior, levatores costarum, latissimus dorsi |
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| Inspiratory/Expiratory Ratio for Quiet Breathing |
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| Inspiratory/Expiratory Ratio for Speech Breathing |
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| Volume of Air Expended in Tidal Breathing |
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| Inhale to 50% VC, exhale to 40% VC |
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| Volume of Air Expended in Conversational Speech |
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| Inhale to 60% VC, exhale to 35% VC |
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| Volume of Air Expended in Loud Speech |
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| Inhale to 80% VC, exhale to 35% or lower VC |
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| Differences in Deaf Speech Breathing from Relative Motion Diagrams |
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| Inconsistency in starting levels of expiratory excursions, range of lung volumes differ from typical speakers in both directions |
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| Shortens/tenses VFs, assists in adduction |
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Raise larynx, increase fundamental frequency
(hyoglossus, mylohyoid, sytlohyoid, geniohyoid) |
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Lower larynx, decrease fundamental frequency
(thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid) |
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| Subglottal Pressue Required for Conversational Speech |
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| Loudness, pitch, tightness, register |
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1. Shorter open phase, longer closed phase
2. More energy at higher frequencies
3. Lower spectral slope
4. Higher skewing quotient |
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| 1. Longer open phase, shorter closed phase 2. More energy at low frequencies 3. Higher spectral slope 4. Lower skewing quotient |
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| Constriction Near Maximum Velocity... |
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Definition
| Lowers Resonant Frequency |
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| Constriction Near Maximum Pressure... |
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| Raises Resonant Frequency |
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| Decreasing Tongue Height... |
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