Term
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Definition
| Propagation of a PRESSURE WAVE (not molecule) in space and time through a medium with compressible molecules |
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Term
| How do elasticity and mass effect displacement? |
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Definition
elastic objects increasingly oppose displacement the further they move from their resting position
F=kx
object with mass increasingly oppose acceleration the further they move from their resting position (due to inertia)
P=mv
(p-momentum, m-mass, v-velocity) |
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Term
| What two terms are used to describe areas of high and low pressure in the air? |
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Definition
Compression: areas of high pressure in the air (peaks of waves)
Rarefaction: areas of low pressure in the air (troughs of waves) |
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Term
| How do our ears work similarly to microphones? |
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Definition
| They both respond to pressure changes, which is mechanical energy and then convert that into electrical energy |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Simple Harmonic Motion? |
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Definition
Pure tones result from SHM---plot is sinusoidal
Periodic
Period is constant-each cycle takes the same amount of time
Frequency is constant
ex: tuning forks and pendulums |
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Term
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Definition
The height of a wave, measured as the peak deviation from the center
Always measure from 0
ex: if peak is at 2 and trough is at -2, the amplitude is 2
not 4
Decreases over time due to damping |
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Term
| Angular Frequency (ω) VS. ordinary frequency (f) |
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Definition
Angular: the number of radians measured per second
=2πf
Ordinary: the number of cycles per second
1 cycle=2π |
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Term
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Definition
the time it takes for a particle on a medium to make one complete vibrational cycle
Measured by the distance (in sec) from one wave top to the next (make sure time is on the x-axis) |
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Term
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Definition
Where in its cycle the oscillation begins
When the phase is not 0, the entire waveform appears to be shifted in time by φ/ω
*negative value=delay <-----double check
When calculating, set φ/ω equal to the time between the peak of each wave |
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Term
| Simple Harmonic motion of tuning fork |
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Definition
Input force required
elasticity generates restoring force, pulls prongs back to resting postion
prongs move beyond resting position due to inertial forces
prongs move back to resting position due to restoring force
1 COMPLETE CYCLE
overshoots and builds restoring force, brings back to resting etc. |
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Term
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Definition
In air: 343 m/s
Doesn't depend on properties of sound but on the substance its traveling through
-travels faster in liquids |
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Term
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Definition
λ = c/f
Distance covered by a high pressure region and its succeeding low pressure region
Distance on the x-axis NOT time
High frequency=short wavelength |
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Term
| Longitudinal vs. Transverse waves |
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Definition
Longitudinal: waves pile up in the same direction they are moving
ex: sound waves
Transverse: waves pile up in different direction from the direction they are moving in
ex: light waves and water waves |
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Term
What does the spectrum look like for this waveform?
[image]
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of interference associated with sound waves? |
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Definition
Destructive interference: addition of waves that are out of phase--->creates cancellation of sound
Constructive interference: addition of waves that are in phase--->creates a wave with a higher amplitude |
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Term
| Do complex tones consist of one or more than one frequency? |
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Definition
Complex tones involve vibration at MORE than one frequency
ex:addition of 2 pure tones of different frequency |
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Term
| What are the types of complex tones? |
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Definition
periodic: contain pure tones of different frequencies
ex: sign wave
aperiodic: contain random vibrations that don't repeat in time
mixed: periodic+aperiodic
ex: sound of speech |
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Term
| What is the relationship between harmonics and the length of the vibrating segment? |
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Definition
higher harmonics reflect shorter vibrating segments within the vibrating body
ex: H2 represents vibration along 1/2 the body
H3 represents vibration along 1/3 the body |
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Term
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Definition
In periodic sounds: based on H1 (F0)
ex: sound composed of 600+900 Hz tone yields
perception of a 300 Hz tone
In aperiodic sounds: reflects center of frequency band OR
frequency with the highest amplitude
Units: mels, 1000 mels=1000Hz |
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Term
| Relationships between an octave, semitone, and Cent |
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Definition
Octave: the interval between a frequency and another with half or double the original frequency
ex: if 1st frequency=100 Hz, then second must equal
200 Hz to be an octave
Semitone (ST): a "half step" in a 12 note scale
ex: moving from b flat to b
Cent: 1% of a ST
ex: 2 ST=200 cents
12 ST MAKEUP 1 OCTAVE |
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Term
| Graphical relationship between frequency and pitch |
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Definition
Freq on x-axis, pitch on y-axis---linear to 1000mels and then become logarithmic
Same for amplitude and perceived loudness (sone scale)
shows that doubling loudness requires more than
double intensity |
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Term
| What is sound pressure's relationship with distance? |
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Definition
Sound pressure falls inversely proportional to the distance
ex: if distance is doubled, sound pressure is reduced by
a factor of 2--->equals sound level change of -6dB |
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Term
| Calculating change in dB SPL |
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Definition
Change in dB= 20log (pressure of interest/some referenced pressure)
some referenced pressure becomes P1
use pressure of interest in terms of P1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a system is able to store and easily transfer energy between 2 or more different storage modes |
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Term
| Stiffness VS Mass in mechanical resonance |
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Definition
Stiffness=the amount of force required to displace the object some distance
increases in stiffness=increases in natural frequency
Mass=inertia-->opposes being accelerated and decelerated (slows things down)
increases in mass=decrease in natural frequency
fr=(1/2π) x (K/M)^1/2 |
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Term
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Definition
Acoustic mass=column of air in resonator
wider neck=smaller mass
longer neck=larger mass
Acoustic Spring=bowl of air
larger bowl=less stiffness, since air molecules
have more room to spread out |
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Term
| Sharp tuning vs Broad tuning |
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Definition
Sharp: responds to small range of frequencies
vibrations persist for a long time (light damping)
ex: tuning fork, crystal glass
Broad: system responds to a larger range of frequencies
vibration dies out quickly (heavy damping)
ex: sound in air, phone earpiece, vocal tract |
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Term
| Formula of acoustic tube open at both ends |
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Definition
fr=n x (c/2L)-->fr=resonant freq., c=speed of sound, L=length of tube
Lowest resonant frequency=1/2 wavelength
SO: at the open end we want the pressure to be 0, which lines up with the open end of tube (on right) at 1/2 a wavelength |
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Term
| What is the pressure at the open end of a tube |
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Definition
pressure=0 or Patm because there are no constraints so air molecules are not confined to a small space
velocity is inversely related to pressure |
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Term
| Formula of acoustic tube with one end closed |
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Definition
fr=(2n-1)x(c/4L)
Lowest resonant frequency=1/4 wavelength
BECAUSE: at the closed end, pressure peaks due to the constraint (which leads to confinement of air molecules) and this peak falls at the 1/4 mark on wavelength |
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Term
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Definition
A device or process that removes from a signal some frequencies and not others
ex: Helmholtz filter (blowing across water bottle, it
chooses which frequency it wants to resonate)
input signa (x)l x filter (T)=output signal (y)---->convolving |
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Term
| What number of frequencies do Helmholtz filters resonate Vs. tube filters? |
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Definition
Helmholtz resonates 1 frequency
Tube resonates multiple frequencies |
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Term
| Power-source-filter Model |
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Definition
Power=lungs creating the air stream
Vibrating vocal folds create the SOURCE
Vocal tract FILTERs input source to create output of speech
(source and filter are usually independent of on another) |
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Term
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Definition
range of frequencies between the two 3-dB-down points on either side of the peak energy
half-power=3 dB down
wider bandwidths=greater damping |
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Term
| What are the two paths an airstream can take when generating speech? |
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Definition
1. air can travel to the oscillator (vocal folds) which creates a period sound signal that is formulated into speech by the resonator (vocal tract)
2. air travels through the noise generator (oral constriction or occlusion), creating an aperiodic sound signal that is formulated into speech by the resonator (vocal tract) |
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Term
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Definition
Visceral pleura: thin airtight membrane covering the LUNGS
Parietal pleura: covers inner surface of CHEST WALL
both are lubricated with a lubricating film
holds pleura together and allows sliding movement
ex: 1 balloon inflated inside a water balloon |
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Term
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Definition
Muscles forcefully expand the volume of chest cavity
Increases in volume of chest cavity creates increase in the size of the attached pleural cavity, decreasing the pressure of the fluid inside it
The lungs must now expand in order to reestablish the equilibrium between pressure within pleural cavity and pressure of air inside lungs
Expansion of lungs causes air from the outside to flow in until the pressures are equalized |
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Term
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Definition
When the temperature is constant, the pressure (p) and the volume (V) of a gas are inversely related
MEANING: as pressure increases volume decreases and vice versa |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of passive forces in respiration? |
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Definition
The natural recoil of muscles, cartilages, ligaments and lung tissue
Surface tension of alveoli and between pleura
Pull of gravity |
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Term
| What effect do passive forces have on inspiration and expiration? |
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Definition
if apparatus has more air than at rest, it recoils toward a smaller size----EXPIRATION
if apparatus has less air than at rest, it recoils toward a larger size----INSPIRATION
the greater the difference from rest, the larger the passive force |
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Term
| What structures controls the active forces of respiration and what is the outcome of these actions? |
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Definition
Medulla innervates diaphragm, which lowers and flattens, via the phrenic nerve, causing chest expansions which causes lung expansion
Medulla innervates intercostal muscles, causing them to contract, via the thoracic nerves. This causes the ribs to lift up which also causes chest and lung expansion |
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Term
| Muscles involved in the active forces of respiration |
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Definition
Inhalation: external intercostals (superficial)& interchondral internal intercostals (deep)
Exhalation: interosseous internal intercostals (deep)
Abdominal muscles involved: rectus abdominis, external/internal obliques, transverse abdominis |
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Term
| Two-part chest wall model |
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Definition
When the volume/contents of abdomen stay the same:
if you move your diaphragm up, chest moves out and
abdomen moves in
if you move your diaphragm down, chest moves in and
abdomen is pushed out |
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Term
| Exchanged air volume terms |
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Definition
tidal volume: small squigglies on graph---amount of air
exchanged during type cycle of quiet breathing
Vital capacity: maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation
Resting/relaxation volume: respiratory system is at about 40% of vital capacity when relaxed and upright--produced entirely through passive force
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): max volume of air inspired from peak of tidal volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): max volume of air expired from trough of tidal volume
Inspiratory Capacity: resting level to maximum inspiration
Total lung capacity= vital capactity+resting/residual volume |
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Term
| In addition to the diaphragm and intercostals, what muscles may augment expansion of the chest and lungs? |
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Definition
sternocleidomastoid
scalenus
subclavius
pectoralis major & minor
serratus anterior
levatores costarum
serratus posterior superior
latissimus dorsi |
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Term
| What are the accessory muscles of inspiration |
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Definition
Trapezius
serratus posterior superior
levator costarum brevis
levator costarum longis |
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Term
| What are the accessory muscles of expiration? |
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Definition
latissimus dorsi
serratus posterior inferior |
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Term
| Quiet breathing cycle VS speech breathing cycle |
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Definition
Quiet: 40% of time spent on inspiration
60% of time spent on expiration
Speech: 10% of time spent on inspiration
90% of time spent on expiration |
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Term
| Volumes of air expended in tidal breathing, conversational speech, and loud speech |
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Definition
tidal: inhale to 50% VC
exhale to 40% VC---relaxation volume
conversational: inhale to 60% VC
exhale to 35% VC
loud speech: inhale to 80% VC
exhale to 35% VC or lower (because we use
more of our inspiratory reserve to produce loud speech) |
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Term
| For the graph showing that muscular pressure is required to achieve targeted alveolar pressure: |
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Definition
At large lung volumes: a negative (inspiratory) muscular pressure is required to counteract the high positive (expiratory) relaxation pressure
at mid-lung volume: slight positive muscular pressure is required to achieve targeted alveolar pressure
at small lung volume (near end of utterance) :increasingly greater positive muscular pressure is required |
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Term
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Definition
measures respiratory pressure
pressure will move column of liquid (water or mercury) a certain distance and that distance will be measured to determine air pressure |
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Term
| Ways to measure air pressure: |
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Definition
Direct assessment of subglottal pressure-invasive:
tracheal puncture
esophageal balloon
Indirect assessment-less invasive
pharyngeal pressure--pass tube through nose
intraoral pressure--pass a sensor around teeth |
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Term
| How do you decided whether to use a spirometer or a pneumotachograph? |
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Definition
spirometer: measures airflow during NONspeech tasks
pneumotachograph: measures flow during speech, usually collected via face mask |
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Term
| Calibration of a pneumograph |
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Definition
Measure the rib cage and abdominals during two known volumes
can attain these measurements through inspiring and
expiring a known volume of air from a calibrated bag
OR
Measure the rib cage and abdominals several times throughout an isovolume maneuver
must stay at isovolume by valsava or shutting the mouth |
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Term
| How does a c-spine unjust effect speech breathing? |
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Definition
Speaks at large lung volumes to compensate for expiratory muscle impairment
Uses larger lung volumes to increase loudness
abnormal chest wall behavior due to loss of ab function
abdominal binders will help clients because it will give a little more muscle force |
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Term
| Deviances in speech breathing in the Deaf |
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Definition
inappropriate pauses and durations
Dip below 35% VC
Do not use higher lung volumes to create louder sounds |
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Term
| Positive effects of behavioral modification toward higher lung volume initiation levels for expiratory limbs |
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Definition
longer utterance strings between inspiratory refills
more natural phrasing
higher relaxation forces available at higher lung volumes
possible voice quality improvement, leading to articulatory improvement |
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Term
| What are the primary modes of speech communication after a laryngectomy? |
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Definition
Electrolarynx: mechanical vibration at the neck/mouth completely replaces the source---taps against throat
Esophageal:patient sucks air into esophagus and releases it to excite remaining pharyngeal tissues--burping
Tracheo-esophageal speech: one way valve is surgically implanted connecting the stoma to esophagus. When stoma is obstructed air can be directed from lungs to esophagus to excite remaining tissues |
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Term
| Extrinsic laryngeal muscles |
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Definition
Have one attachment to the larynx and one elsewhere
Suprahyoid muscles are located above the larynx and have ability to pull larynx superiorly---shortening vocal tract
Infrahyoid muscles are located below the larynx and have ability to pull it inferiorly---elongating vocal tract |
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Term
| Components of myoelastic aerodynamic theory |
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Definition
myo=muscle
elastic=vocal fold's tension varied by muscle and tissue elasticity
aerodynamic: vocal fold vibration as a result of aerodynamic forces |
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Term
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Definition
phonation requires that subglottal pressure exceeds pressure above vocal folds by a threshold value
vocal folds closed, air pressure below increases
pressure becomes enough to blow apart folds
Bernoulli effect: (1/2)ρv^2 + p=constant
velocity of air through constricted glottis is faster
than that in the vocal tract--creates a lower glottal
pressure, sucking vocal folds closed again |
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Term
| What are the 6 parameters of voice control? |
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Definition
Loudness
Pitch
Tightness (breathy to pressed)
Register(whistle, falsetto, fry)
Sonority (dull to ringing)
Roughness |
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Term
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Definition
More mass=lower F0
Longer (with mass)=lower F0
Longer (less mass)=higher F0
More tension=higher F0-->from lengthening of folds
Infrahyoid muscles:lower F0
Suprahyoid muscles:raise F0
Sternohyoid, sternothyroid,omohyoid muscles=lower F0
by lowering larynx to reduce tension
Geniohyoid, mylohyoid, digastric, stylohyoid=raise F0
by rasing larynx to increase tension |
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Term
| Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) |
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Definition
Intrinsic laryngeal muscle
originates on cricoid lamina moving up and to sides to insert on upper and back surfaces of arytenoid cartilage
Contraction:rocks arytenoid cartilage away from midline
ABDUCTION |
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Term
| Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (LCA) |
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Definition
Intrinsic laryngeal muscle
Originates from upper rim of cricoid cartilage moving up and back to insert on front surface of arytenoid cartilage
Contraction: rocks arytenoid cartilage toward the midline
ADDUCTION |
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Term
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Definition
| combined with vocal ligament to become vocal cord |
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Term
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Definition
Intrinsic laryngeal muscle
Originiates outer front/side of cricoid cartilage and inserts on thyroid cartilage
3 components: pars:rectus, oblique, media
Contraction: forward sliding of thyroid cartilage and backward sliding of cricoid cartilage |
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Term
| Interarytenoid (arytenoid) muscle |
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Definition
Intrinsic laryngeal muscle
Originates on one arytenoid cartilage and inserts on back surface of another arytenoid cartilage
Contraction: pulls arytenoid cartilages toward one another either through an upward inward and back sliding movement or through tipping action
Also pulls epiglottis back and down to cover opening
into larynx |
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Term
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Definition
The percentage of time in each cycle in which the vocal folds are open
T0/T---T0=time measured between beginning to end of
wave(length of time air is flowing-folds open)
T=time measured between end of first wave to end
of second wave(total duration of each vibrational
cycle) |
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Term
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Definition
Portion of time in each cycle where the folds are moving outward divided by the time where the folds are moving inward: Tp/Tn
Explains how far from symmetric the waveform bump is |
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Term
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Definition
Brassy timbre: large skewing quotient or a small open quotient (jagged waveform)
more high frequencies
Smaller spectral slope-stronger high
frequencies
Fluty timbre: higher open quotient and low skewing quotient (smoother curve)
gradual changes in airflow
Larger spectral slope-more rapid decrease of
amplitudes as we move to higher frequencies
Stronger low frequencies |
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Term
| What does timbre or vocal quality depend on? |
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Definition
Differences in:
pitch
vocal fold closure
vocal fold vibration initiation and irregularities |
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