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Speech Production
SLHS 2010
32
Science
Undergraduate 1
10/22/2010

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Term
Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)
Interarytenoid (IA)
Definition
Adductors—pull vocal folds together (voicing)
5 Layers
Thyroarytenoid muscle
Lamina propria (mucous membrane)
Deep layer—collagen fibers
Intermediate layer—elastic fibers (dense)
Superficial layer (Reinke’s space)—elastic fibers
Epithelium
Term
Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)
Definition
Abductor—pull vocal folds apart (breathing)
Term
Cricothyroid (CT)
Definition
Elongates & tenses vocal folds
Term
Thyroarytenoid (TA)
Definition
Main body of vocal folds
Term
Hyoid Bone
Definition
A small U-shaped bone at the top of the larynx.
Attachment for tongue.
Term
Cricoid Cartilage
Definition
Ring-shaped, narrow in front, flaring to a larger, squarish plate in back.
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
Covers larynx for swallowing.
Attaches to inner surface of thyroid cartilage, just below thyroid notch.
Term
Arytenoid Cartilages
Definition
Pyramidal shape with two projections
Vocal process, to which vocal folds attach
Muscular process
Term
Vocal Folds
Definition
Attach in front near the midline of the thyroid cartilage
Attach in back to vocal processes of arytenoid cartilages
Term
Extrinsic muscles
Definition
Have larynx as one point of attachment, with the other point of attachment outside the larynx.
Surround & anchor the larynx
Term
Intrinsic muscles
Definition
Origin & insertion in larynx.
All deal with vocal fold movement.
Term
Breathy Voice
Definition
Vocal folds do no close completely, allowing a continuous flow of air to escape during phonation--Turbulent airflow results in less periodic waveform
Term
Rough Voice
Definition
If vocal folds are irritated, they will vibrate in a less periodic fashion.
Term
Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio (HNR)
Definition
The ratio of harmonic sound to noise
Measured in dB.
Term
Source-Filter Theory
Definition
The theory that speech can be accounted for as a source and a filter (and a radiation characteristic).
Term
The source is the output of the ______
Definition
larynx.
Term
The filter is the resonance of the ____
Definition
vocal tract.
Term
the Radiation Characteristic
Definition
If we excise a larynx from a cadaver and force air through the vocal folds, we get a steeper cutoff
The vocal source falls off at an amplitude of approximately 12 dB/octave.
However, the mouth enhances higher frequencies, reducing this falloff to 6 dB/octave.
Term
Respiration
Definition
providing the flow of air, i.e. the basic source of power
Term
Phonation
Definition
transforming flow of air from the lungs into audible sounds, voiced or unvoiced
Term
Articulation
Definition
modulating this raw material into the individual speech sounds that constitute human language.
Term
Pharynx
Definition
The pharynx serves as a passageway for both food and air.
Term
Larynx
Definition
Landmark that separates Upper Respiratory System from Lower Respiratory System
Connects pharynx to trachea.
Contains vocal folds
Term
Trachea
Definition
air way to lungs
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
Large, dome-shaped muscle that stretches from one side of rib cage to the other.
Term
Intercostals
Definition
11 pairs that run between ribs
External—elevate rib cage, increase volume
Internal—lower rib cage, decrease volume
Term
Inhalation
Definition
Contract diaphragm
Contract external intercostals
Term
Exhalation
Definition
Diaphragm & Ext. Intercostals Relax
Internal Intercostals Contract
Term
Differences between life breathing and speech breathing
Definition
Location of Air Intake (nose/ mouth)
Ratio of Time for Inhalation vs. Exhalation-
Volume of Air Inhaled per Cycle
Muscle Activity for Exhalation- in speech must control air exhale
Term
Respiration Measures
Definition
Pressure—forces generated by respiratory processes Volume—amount of air in lungs & airways Flow—change in volume over time Chest Wall Shape—position of components of chest-wall system in speech breathing.
Term
Maximum phonational frequency range (MPFR
Definition
the range of frequencies a person can produce.
Term
Voice Range Profile, or phonetogram
Definition
a plot of a person’s MPFR against dynamic range
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