1. paralinguistic 

2. nonlinguistic

3. metalinguistic 

1.(infant) Reflexive, non-intentional 

2. (Infant) Gestures, Vocalizations, non verbal

3.(Toddler) conventional, verbal

4. (Preschool) improve message through stress

5. (school) metalinguistic thoughts on aspects of language

1. Syntax

2. Phonology

3. Morphology

4. Semantics

5. Pragmatics

Organized rules for ordering words in a sentence and for specific word order, sentence organization and word relationships. (form)

The aspects of language concerned with units such as futures, segments, syllables and the representation of these units, and the rules that govern their combination and form (form)

spect of language concerned with rules governing change in meaning at the intraworld level. Ex rules that change meaning or “walk” from “walking” (form)

Aspects of language concerned with word-meaning or word-content rules and grammatical rules. Concerned with synonyms (words with the same meaning) and antonyms (words with opposite meanings)

 (content)

Aspects of language concerned with language use within a communication context. (use)

Smallest unit of meaning. Tells us number (dog, dogs) or tense (talk, talked) or extension of word (interested, uninterested). (p30)

Smallest meaningful unit of speech sound that are used to make words. 

Meanings are too broad. Ex all four legged animals are called “dog”

Expressions that use words or phrases to represent an abstract concept

Figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to something it is not literally applied to in order to suggest a resemblance

1. Voiced/ voiceless cognates
2. Manner of articulation
3. Place of articulation: 

(Vowel Sounds)

Dipthong

-       A vowel sound made from gliding from one vowel position to another. 

(Vowel Sounds)

Vowel Quadrilateral 

-       diagram to represent the articulatory or acoustic dimensions of vowel production

-Onset is one or more consonants that precede the nucleus.

-Nucleus is vowel sound

-Code is one or more consonants that follow the nucleus

-The nucleus and code together make the Rhyme. 

(Central Control Systems)

Central Nervous System

Portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord

(Central Control Systems)

Peripheral Nervous System

 the representation or control of a function to one side of the brain or the other. Also referred to as Cerebral Dominance 

The general pattern of neural control in which one side of the brain is controlled by the opposite side brain

Region of the frontal lobe of the brain, typically in the left hemisphere, that is thought to be important for the function of speech

states that sound energy from vocal fold is filtered through the resonances of the vocal tract

1.     Respiratory: generation of air pressure and flow. Speak on exhaled breath. Source of sound production

2.     Laryngeal: contains vocal folds that vibrate to produce sound or phonation

3.     Articulatory: oral cavity, soft palate, hard palate. Site of articulation and resonance 

Culture

the set of values, perceptions, beliefs…survival systems used by members of a specified group to ensure the acquisition and perpetuation of what they consider to be a high quality life

Creole

1.     Ethnicity

2.     Social class, education, occupation

3.     Geographic region

4.     Situation or context

5.     Peer group

6.     First language

Genetics

the study of inheritance patterns of specific traits

The genetic constitution or an organism 

 A simplified diagram that shows a families geneology and shows how family members are related and how a certain trait has been inherited. Last 3 generations

Organisms complete set of DNA. All cells contain a copy of the genome

motor movement involved in the production of speech

d,t,b,g, k f 

disorders that have a identifiable physical cause ex kid w cleft palate cant produce some sounds because of  air flow, or kid doesn’t say the last sound of a word because of a hearing loss

A group of motor speech disorders characterized by various forms of articulatory inaccuracy and poor intelligibility with generally consistent errors

·      Motor ability

·      Speech perception and Audition

·      Dentition

·      Oral mechanisms

·      Intelligence/general development

·      Language

·      Reading

Motor (speech)

Sensory (Auditory)

1.     Establishment: Target in isolation

2.     Transfer: Target in conversation

3.     Maintenance: Target in al settings

a speaker produces 14 phonemes per second. About 100 muscles that requires 100 motor unites (page 200)

 A fluency disorder characterized by repetition prolongations and blocks often referred to as core behaviors. Accompanying these are associated learned behaviors in the form of vocal and nonvocal behaviors. These learned patterns are used in attempt to hide or disguise core behaviors. 

·      Stage 1: episodic: occurs when child is upset,  has a lot to say or is under pressure

·      Stage 2: specific: aware he is a ‘stutterer’ but not upset. Usually stutters when excited

·      Stage 3: chronic: avoid difficult words, does not show outward embarrassment but begins to get frustrated

·      Stage 4: anticipatory: avoid situations where he may need to speak because of fear and embarrassment usually in teens and early adulthood

·      no gene found to account for stuttering. Studies show that stuttering runs in families. No real research to conclude stuttering is 100% genetic

·      says speech requires two systems, the linguistic system and the paralinguistic, these two systems must be synchronized, if not you stutter. Also influenced by time pressure. Other theorist says stuttering is a result of a deficit in the monitoring part of speech causing the brain to have a false detection of errors and the systems attempt to correct “errors” by halting or stalling speech. 

·      different brain activations in people who stutter. Abnormal neurologic brain function.

·      focus on personality and psychological attributes of the stutterer. Acts as a mechanism to repress some unwanted or threatening feeling. All kinds of crazy Freudian like things : excuse for failure, fear of castration, anal gratification, hostility etc

·      an originally unconditioned breakdown in fluency becomes associated w speaker’s anxiety about talking. Leads to stuttering in all anxiety causing settings. Systematic Desensitization therapy, coutercoding and reciprocal inhibition. One says stutter is caused by a fear and then person becomes conditioned to stutter when scared. Other says that person is anxious about beginning to talk so when he talks he stutters but he’s not anxious anymore because he doesn’t have to talk any more which reinforces the stutter. Other says stutter is torn between wanting to speak and not wanting to speak

-repetitions

-prolongations

-eye aversion

-avoidance

-revision

-abnormal head/body movements 

-Verbal interjections (um..)