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| speaker indicates that X is important and that all others are unimportant and insignificant |
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| inadequate, relies on too few observations, overgeneralizing on the basis of too little evidence |
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| claiming that something is wrong or some change should not be adopted because it was never done before |
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| aka appeals ad populum; attempt to persuade the audience to accept or reject an idea or proposal because "everybody's doing it" or because the "right" people support it |
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| the speaker selects only the evidence and arguments that support his or her case and may even falsify evidence or distort facts to better fit the case |
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| someone who is honest and someone they can trust |
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| aka ad hominem attacks; accusing another person of some serious wrongdoing or of some serious character flaw |
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| combination of your personality and dynamism as seen by the audience |
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| includes both knowledge and expertise the audience sees you as having, the more likely the audience will believe you |
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| the degree to which your audience sees you as a believable spokesperson |
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| Foot-in-the-Door Technique |
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| requesting something small, something that your audience will easily agree to; once they agree to this small request then make your real request |
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| appeals to feelings, need, desires, and wants |
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| Door-in-the-Face Technique |
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| you first make a large request that you know will be refused and then follow it with a more moderate request |
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| the speaker tries to make listeners accept some idea by associating with things they value highly |
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| Abraham Maslow's model of lower-older and higher-order needs; physiological needs - safety needs - belonging and love needs - self-esteem needs - self-actualization needs; if you fulfill the bottom needs the next level will begin to assert itself |
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| if you can show your audience that you and they share important attitudes, beliefs, and values you'll clearly advance your persuasive goal |
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| most effective; reasonging from specific instances and generalizations, reasoning from causes and effects, and reasoning from sign |
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| the speaker calls an idea, a group of people, or a political philosophy a bad name to try to get listeners to condemn the idea without analyzing the argument and evidence; sometimes called "poisoning the well" |
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| speaker disqualifies someone because he or she isn't directly affected by the issue or doesn't ahve firsthand knowledge; or, the speaker disqualifies someone because he or she will benefit in some way from a proposal |
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| the process of influencing another person's attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behaviors |
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| the speaker identifies himself or herself with the audience |
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| conern what is or is not true, what does or does not exist, what did or did not happen |
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| concern what should be done, what procedures should be adopted, what laws shoeld be changed; what policy should be followed |
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| concern what people consider good or bad, immoral or moral, just or unjust |
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| Reasoning from Causes and Effects |
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| you may reason cause to effect or effect to cause; Might other causes be producing the ovbserved effect? Is the casual direction accurate? |
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| drawing a conclusion on the basis of the presence of signs because they frequently occur together |
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| Reasoning from Specific Instances |
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| you examine several specific instances and then arrive at a generalization about the whole |
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| an argument that's set up merely to be knocked down |
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| using the image associated with some person to gain your approval (if you repsect the person) or rejection (if you don't respect the person) |
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| speaker argues against a position on the grounds that it will open the floodgates of all sorts of catastrophes |
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| speaker associates her or his idea with something you respect or detest |
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| prejudice against age groups |
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| forgetting that language symbolizing only a portion of reality, never the whole |
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| the miscommunication pattern which occurs when the sender and reciever miss eachother with their meanings |
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| you not only acknowledge the presence of the other person but also indicate your acceptance of this person, this person'g self-definition, and of your relationship as defined or viewwed by the other person |
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| emotional meaning that specific speakers-listeners give to a word |
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| in any communication interaction both parties will make an effort to help each other understand eachother; the maxim of quality; the maxim of relation (relevance); the maxim of manner (be clear, brief, oranized); the maxim of quantity |
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| an extensional devise that helps you keep your language and thinking up to date and helps you guard against static evaluation |
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| the meaning you'd find in a dictionary; the meaning a culture assigns to a word |
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| communicates your meaning explicitly and leaves little doubt as to the thoughts and feelings you want to convey |
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| communication pattern in which we ignore someone's presence as wells as that person's communications |
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| if you wrote and spoke English without the verb to be you'd describe events more accurately |
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| a reminder that there's more to learn, more to know, and more to say and that every statement is inevitably incomplete |
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| combats the tendency to think that all can or has been said about anything |
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| the tendency to look first at the actual people, objects, and events and only afterwards at their labels |
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| barriers to clear thinking can be created when inferences are treated as facts |
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| includes derogatory terms used for lesbians and gay men |
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| identifies each individual as an individual even though both may be covered by the same label |
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| communicates your meaning in a roundabout way |
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| the failure to distinguish between similar but different people, objects, or events |
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| statement based on what you infer |
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| the tendency to view people, objects, and events according to the way they're talked about |
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| the act of sending messages designed to make others believe what you know to be untrue |
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| provide guidance for communicating politely over the Net |
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| the tendency to look at the world in terms of opposites and to describe it in extremes |
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| expresses racist attitudes, contributes to the development of racist attitudes in those who hear |
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| you disagree with the person; you indicate your unwillingness to accept something the other person says or does |
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| language that puts down someone because of his or her gender |
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| the tendency to retain evaluations without change while the reality to which they refer is changing |
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| gestures that satisfy some personal need |
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| movements of the face, hands, and general body that communicate emotional meaning |
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| movements directed at the person with whom you're speaking (example: removing lint) |
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| Artifactual Communication |
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| communication via objects made by human hands (examples: color, cltohing, jewelry) |
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| attractive people have more advantages |
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| set boundaries that divide your territory from "theirs" |
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| items you place in a territory to reserve it |
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| aka the study of temporal communication |
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| you turn your eyes away as if to say "I don't mean to intrude; I respect your privacy" |
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| colors affect us physiologically |
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| different cultures teach their members drastically different time orientations |
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| those identifying marks that indicate your possession of a territory or object |
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| body gestures that directly translate into words or phrases |
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| Expentancy Violations Theory |
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| what happens when you increase or decrease the distance between yourself and another person in an interpersonal interaction |
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| Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
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| your facial expressions influence physiological arousal |
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| Facial Management Techniques |
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| enable you to communicate your feelings to acheive the effect you want |
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| aka the study of touch communication |
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| advantages a sports team has when playing on their home field |
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| enhance the verbal message they accompany |
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| the presence of the other individual is unmistakable; ranges from actually touching to 18 inches |
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| the study of nonverbal communication through face and body movements |
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| ways humans mark their territories |
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| communication without words |
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| controling behaviors, attitudes, or feelings of others through touch |
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| gestures focused on objects (example: doodling) |
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| using smells to communicate something |
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| vocal but nonverbal; not what you say but how you say it |
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| the protective "bubble" that defines your personal range; ranges 18 inches to 4 feet |
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| highness or lowlness of a voice |
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| your exlusive preserve (example: your desk) |
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| the physical distances that define the ypes of relationships between people and the types of communication in which they are likely to engage |
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| study of spatial communication |
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| the emphasis you place on past, present, and future |
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| from 12 - more than 25 feet; protects you; at this distance you can take defensive action |
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| dialated pupils are more attractive than constricted ones; pupil size |
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| behaviors that monitor, control, coordinate, or maintain the speaking of another individual |
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| they don't belong to you but are associated with you |
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| communicates imoprtant meanings and serves important functions |
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| ranging from 4-12 feet; you lose the visual detail you have at personal distance |
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| closely linked to territoriality; generally the size and location of your territories signal your status within your social group |
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| concerns the use of time; how you organize it, react to it, and communicate messages through it |
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| a possessive or ownership reaction to an area of space or to particular objects |
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| tendency to avoid touch from certain people or in certain circumstances |
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| suggests that touch is perhaps the most primitive form of communication |
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| eye movements signaling your power |
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| rate, pitch, volume, stress, rhythm, pauses; the vocalizations you make in crying, whispering, moaning, belching, yawning, and yelling |
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