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| that which reduces uncertainty |
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high - less detail
low - more detail |
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| signal is the information that is useful; noise is the information that is useless |
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| concerned with explaining an object, person, event, or process |
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| defining a term, defining a system or theory, or pinpointing the similarities and/or differences among terms or systems |
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| show the audience how to do something or how something operates |
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| comparisons that are often very useful in making your ideas clear and vivd to your audience |
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| speech divided into causes and effects |
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| first explain your claim and then offer proof as to why |
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| crisp and clean definite that ends the speech |
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| Comparison-and-Contrast Pattern |
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| compare and contrast two different things |
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| summarize, motivate, and provide closure |
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| statement of the meaning of a term or concept |
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| specific instances that are explained in varying degrees of detail |
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| clarify misconceptions that people have about various things |
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| pattern of journalists, 5 major parts to the speech |
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| gain attention, establish speaker-audience-topic connection (S-A-T), and orient the audience as to what is to follow |
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| replicas of actual objects |
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| arrange your information to motivate your audience to respond positively to your purpose; attention, need, sastisfaction, visualization, and action |
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| final appeal; ask for specific response or provide directions for future action |
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| Multiple-Definition Pattern |
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| explaining specific concepts |
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| introduction should orient the audience in some way as to what is to follow in the body |
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| visual or auditory means for clarifying ideas |
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| a.k.a. "advantages/disadvantages pattern"; eplain objectively the advantages and disadvantages |
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| convince audience that a problem exists and that your solution would solve or lessen the problem |
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| insertion of brand-name products in movies |
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| based on space; describe objects or places |
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| Speaker-Audience-Topic Relationship |
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| answers the question why should we listen to you? |
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| summary numbers that help you communicate the important characteristics of an otherwise complex set of number |
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| Structure-Function Pattern |
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Definition
| how something is constructed and what it does |
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| speech is organized from past to present or present to future |
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| your opinions of experts or the accounts of witnesses |
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| your main assertion, what you want the audience to absorb from your speech |
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| topic conveniently divides itself into subdivisions, each of which is clear and approcimately equal in importance |
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| words, phrases, or sentences that connect the various parts of your speech |
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| language appropriate to you as the speaker, your audience, the occasion, and the speech topic |
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| phrases that have lost their novelty and part of their meaning through overuse, don't use |
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| process of evaluating a speech, of rendering a judgement of its value |
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| thoruogh preperation but no commitment to the exact wording to be used during speech |
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| stylistic devies that have been a part of rhetoric since ancient times, use |
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| powerful language, enables you to direc the audience's attention, thoughts, and feelings |
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| talk without any specific preperation |
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| technical vocabulary of a specialized field; avoid unless you're sure meanings are clear to listeners |
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| read entire speech aloud which you've written out word for word |
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| write out speech word for word and memorize it |
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| speaker keeps their voice at the same pitch, volume, and rate throughout the speech |
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| quality of spoken language that differentiates it from written language |
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| blueprint for speech, lays out the elements of the speech and their relationship to one another |
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filled - er, um, ah,
unfilled - silences interjected into the normally fluent stream of speech |
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| speak with audience not at them, use personal pronouns, question, and create immediacy |
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| pattern in which the volume level, for example, varies but always in the same sequence |
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| written materials you prepare in constructing your speech |
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| an outline that will assist rather than hinder your delivery of the speech |
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| language used by special groups but is generally considered impolite or not proper |
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| ensure you include all the relevant material in reasonable order |
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| make your ideas come to life in listeners' minds, use active, strong verbs, figures of speech, and imagery |
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| phrases that weaken your sentence; example - "I'm not sure but...", "Perhaps it might..." |
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