Term
| In which of the following ways does an infant's early preintentional communication differ from the infant's later intentional, on-linguistic communication? |
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Definition
| preintentional is dyadic, whereas intentional is triadic |
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Term
| True babbling, or canonical babbling, is distinguished from earlier vocalizations by: |
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Definition
| true babbling contains consonant-vowel sequences, whereas earlier vocalizations do not |
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Term
| What is the most likely developmental sequence? (Intentional communication, canonical babbling, first word) |
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Definition
| canonical babbling > intentional communication > first word |
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Term
| A special type of babbling that contains the melodic patterns of an infant's native language is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age is canonical babling most likely to emerge in the infant? |
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Definition
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Term
| When used in the language sample of a child, phrases and sentences in which an adult grammar specifies the use of a morpheme are called: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The vocabulary spurt is a developmental milestone that all children must achieve |
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Definition
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Term
| According to studies by Fenson, Bates and colleagues, boys both comprehend and produce more words than girls do at 18 months of age |
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Definition
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Term
| Units of language structure that are added to sentences, phrases, and words to allow the expression of grammatical features such as plurality and tense are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Shaywitz, Mody, & Shaywitz (2006) suggest that exposure to superior reading instruction may be a protective factor against the risk of persistently poor reading for individuals with a genetic propensity for dyslexia |
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Definition
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Term
| Which sex is more likely to develop ASD? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 key behavioral signs of Autism? |
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Definition
| Qualitative impairment in motor function such as walking |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| One verbal behavior that is NOT characteristic of children with autism is: |
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Definition
| cursing and foul language |
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Term
| Typically, the expressive lexicon is larger than the receptive lexicon |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Most indivduals with autism do not have intellectual disabilities |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| The product of a developmental process |
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Term
| Two important developmental milestones in the first year of life: |
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Definition
| babbling and intentional communication |
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Term
|
Definition
1) vowel
2) vowel +consonant
3) 2 or more consonants + a vowel |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| when does vocalization occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| repeated consonant vowel sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| Consonant vowel consonant syllables and jargon |
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Term
| When does advanced babbling occur? |
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Definition
| Occurs anywhere from 10 to 18 months |
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Term
| Intentional communication |
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Definition
| more exactly, intentional non-linguistic communication through gesture and eye-gaze |
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Term
| When should the first word be spoken? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When should the child have a 50 word vocabulary? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 3 ways to identify intentional communication: |
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Definition
1) Reach for objects
2) use voice to get help/attention
3) give, show, or point to objects |
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Term
| When does preintentional communication occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When does intentional communication occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Word learning in comprehension is 2x as fast as in production |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An increase in the rate at which children acquire new words |
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Term
| When does the vocabulary spurt occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The pint that differentiates between the slow phase of language development, and the rapid phase of development |
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Term
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Definition
| Nouns refer to whole objects, not a part of them |
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Term
| Mutual exclusivity assumption |
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Definition
| different words should refer to different kinds of things |
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Term
|
Definition
| the child has to figure out "what else" the word can refer to |
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Term
|
Definition
| incorrectly applying a noun to other nouns because they fit a certain criteria such as shape |
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Term
|
Definition
| A parent-reported checklist to provide expectations for vocabulary between 8 & 30 months. The growth in vocab is characterized by an accelerating curve |
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by factors inside the organism or system |
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by factors inside the organism or system |
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Term
| Name 2 endogeneous factors |
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Definition
1) sex differences
2) developmental readiness |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by factors from outside the organism or system |
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Term
| Name 2 exogeneous factors |
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Definition
1) amount/diversity of child-directed speech
2) caregiver responsivity |
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Term
| Give an example of a simple sentence that a child might produce at 21 months |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| A major characterisitc of children's sentences before the age of 4 is that the children omit morphemes that are requred in adult grammar |
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Term
| Who wrote "A First Language"(1973)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When should telegraphy disappear? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do linguistic explanations say about why telegraphy occurs? |
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Definition
| They focus on what children know about adult grammar |
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Term
| What do linguistic explanations say about why telegraphy occurs? |
|
Definition
| They focus on what children know about adult grammar |
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Term
| What do psycholinguistic explanations say about why telegraphy occurs? |
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Definition
| They focus on how a child's knowledge is deployed in the act of speaking |
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Term
|
Definition
| Memorized chunks of words |
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Term
| What is the problem with MLU? |
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Definition
| It is a measure of length, not structure |
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Term
| What is Brown's order in the acquisition of grammatical morphemes based on? |
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Definition
| Percent correct in obligatory contexts |
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Term
|
Definition
| A smattering of affixes and closed class items that children acquire between 2 and 4 and a half years. |
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Term
| The 4 morphemes acquired by 36 months of age |
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Definition
1)-ing progressive aspect of verbs
2) in preposition
3) on preposition
4) -s/es noun plural |
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Term
| In what wave of grammatical morpheme acquisition are tense and agreement morphemes acquired? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 languages that have no tense or agreement |
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Definition
| Mandarin, Cantonese, Thai, Vietnamese |
|
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Term
| 3 Languages with tense and agreement |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In Yang's variationist approach to tense and grammar, what is Universal Grammar? |
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Definition
| A set of competing grammar options |
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Term
|
Definition
| Within a language, the rate at which telegraphy disappears is related to the rate at which children are provided with explicit tense-agreement marking and verbs |
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Term
| According to Rispoli, Hadley & Holt (2009), what is absent in all children at 21 months? |
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Definition
| Productive, non-rote tense and agreement morpheme production |
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Term
| Hadley, Rispoli, Fitzgerald & Bahnsen(2009) did not confirm Yang's hypothesis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Children amass knowledge about the distribution and frequency of the tense and agreement morphemes of their language at about 21 months of age |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of how speakers use language to achieve some outcome or purpose |
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Term
| Instrumental communication function |
|
Definition
| to make an action take place |
|
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Term
| regulatory communication function |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| interactional communication function |
|
Definition
| used to interact with other people |
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|
Term
| personal communication function |
|
Definition
| used to express a personal state |
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Term
| heuristic communication function |
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Definition
| to gather information and explore the environment |
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Term
| imaginative communication function |
|
Definition
| used to create and pretend |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to comprehend and produce well-formed, meaningful sentences |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ability to use language appropriately in social interaction to achieve goals and objectives |
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Term
| What 3 things must be integrated in order to achieve communicative competence? |
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Definition
| linguistic, interpersonal, and cultural knowledge |
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Term
|
Definition
| A lingustic exchange with a schema or framework |
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Term
| Foster(1986) showed this to be the sequence of children's type of topics: |
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Definition
| self>things present in the environment>things absent from environment |
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Term
| Roger Brown showed that the level of language ability predicts what? |
|
Definition
| the length of the conversation |
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Term
| By MLU 3.0, how long can children maintain a topic for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A description of a real or fictional past event, spoken or written |
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|
Term
| When does narrative ability develop signficantly? |
|
Definition
| Between the ages of 3 and 12 |
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Term
|
Definition
| A narrative experienced by the speaker. They have occured in the past |
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Term
| How do adults scaffold a personal narrative? |
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Definition
| By saying something like "Tell Uncle Bob about the zoo" |
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Term
|
Definition
| Macrostructure allowing for a logical sequence in the parts of a story |
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Term
|
Definition
| microstructure allows for connection between clauses and sentences |
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Term
|
Definition
| giving the listener enough background |
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Term
|
Definition
| a clear progression of events with causal relationships. There should be one or more problems with resolutions |
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Term
|
Definition
| A neurologically-based, developmental disorder, NOT a psychiatric disorder. Hallmark characteristic is the severity of the social impairment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An unmbrella term that includes four conditions: autism, childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder |
|
|
Term
| How early can autism be detected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The diagnostical and statistical manual of mental disorders |
|
|
Term
| what are two ways that we decode printed words? |
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Definition
1) sound it out
2) direct activation |
|
|
Term
| What are the three brain regions involved in reading? |
|
Definition
| broca's area, left parieto-temporal, left occipital-temporal |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neural signature of dyslexia |
|
Definition
| underactivation of posterior regions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A unit of speech or text that appears to be an actual word |
|
|
Term
| specific language impairment |
|
Definition
| A developmental language disorder that can affect both expressive and receptive language |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to stereotypical repetitions of specific words or phrases |
|
|
Term
| refers to changes in brain structures that occur as a result of normal appearances |
|
Definition
| experience-expectant plasticity |
|
|
Term
| according to Jackendoff, and individual's _______ is the combination of both innate knowledge AND the knowledge of the native language the individual has learned |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a child who can distinguish between the sounds of all languages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| children who are good at discriminating sounds in their native language are ____ at discriminating sounds from a foreign language |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the organization of the meaning of words |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these studies specifically tap into what children understand about language and experts can measure children's language comprehension even before the children speak their first word |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the scientific inquiry into how our brains translate thought into lanugage and language into thought |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| children who are good at discriminating sounds from a foreign language are _____ at later word language |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is a universal feature of the syntax of human languages? |
|
Definition
| All syntaxes have recursion in their rule structure |
|
|
Term
| attempts to teach language to chimpanzees have demonstrated that chimpanzees can acquire the syntax of a human language |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| focuses primarily on generating and refining the existing knowledge base or to address specific problems in society and to inform practices relevant to language development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the speech chain is the connected sequence of events by which thought in the mind of a speaker is shared through acoustic energy with the mind of a listener |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to Pat Kuhl, which statement is true about infants raised in a Japanese speaking environment? |
|
Definition
| At 6 months of age the infant can discriminate [R] and [L] reasonably well, but become much worse at discriminating these sounds by 12 months of age |
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|
Term
| the sending and recieving of info between individuals of any species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the Huttenlocher study of developmental changes in synaptic density, which language related area develops first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when high school teachers teach a second language through explicit classroom lessons with diagrams of grammatical structures in a textbook, they are trying to use the statistical learning abilities of their students |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the scientific inquiry into how the child from infancy acquires the ability to produce and comprehend language |
|
Definition
| developmental psycholinguistics |
|
|
Term
| the part of the neuron that recieves info from other neurons is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rules that govern the internal organization of words into meaningful structural units |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It has been observed universally, that children begin to talk about the time they begin to walk. This observation supports which of Lenneberg's observations about the biological basis of language? |
|
Definition
| language development has a regular onset |
|
|
Term
| mismatch negativity is a form of brain activity that infants exhibit when they detect a change in stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scholars discovered that languages fit into families in which century? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research by Kuhl and colleagues using head-turn and ERP mismatch negativity techniques indicate that abilities in infant speech perception at 6 months of age predict: |
|
Definition
| vocabulary at 24 months of age |
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|
Term
| At the turn of the 20th century, which linguist said that all languages work with arbitrary sound-meaning relationships? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which principle of human language describes the principle of combination of a small # of units into infinite novel creations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| linguistic messages can be produced through both: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rules of language governing speech, sounds used to make syllables and words |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As far as we know, other species cannot send decontextualized messages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is the author of the idea of universal grammar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| children who are good at discriminating sounds in their native language are ____ at later word learning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rule system that governs how words are put together in a sentence or phrase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Broca's aphasia usually affects the production of language more than the comprehension of language |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a phoneme is the smalles unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a much higher pitch towards the end |
|
|
Term
| When does a child change from a "citizen of the world" to a "culture bound listener"? |
|
Definition
| before infants turn 1 year old |
|
|
Term
| the left temporal lobe contains which area, sometimes called the receptive speech area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| linguists argue children's knowledge of a sentence's word order is "built in" or innate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| someone who can only distinguish between the sounds in the language that they speak |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who first proposed the critical period hypothesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which method detects brain functioning by recording the electrical activity generated by the brain from electrodes placed on the scalp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Using fMRI, scientists are able to identify the brain regions involved in language by: |
|
Definition
| detecting blood oxygen levels during a language related task |
|
|
Term
| the bands of acoustic energy that listeners use to distinguish vowels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Clancy and Finley, it is now clear that learning itself contributes to the structure of the developing brain. They call them experience based/experience driven |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| communication can take place in the absence of speech and without using language |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jackendoff argues that children's unconscious strategies for learning grammar include substantial hints about how a mental grammar ought to be constructed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chomsky argued that simple analogy was sufficient to explain the productive nature of the syntax of human languages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this type of plasticity requires highly specific types of experience to change |
|
Definition
| experience-dependent plasticity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gestures, vocalizations, and body language are part of non-linguistic communication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is made up of abstract symbols (words) patterned in specific ways(syntax) to produce predictable meanings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains auditory processing area |
|
|
Term
| which is a universal characteristic of the syntaxes of all the world's language |
|
Definition
| There are at least two word classes, roughly noun and verb |
|
|
Term
| According to Pat Kuhl, MEG studies in Helsinki, Finland have shown that which area of the brain becomes active beginning at 6 months? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The interval between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of vocal cord vibration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Linguists have argued there is no such thing as a primitive language because all languages have a complex set of rules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you were researching the contribution of nurture to children's language acquisition/ which of the following questions would interest you the most? |
|
Definition
| Does the child arrive in the world as a "blank state"? |
|
|
Term
| After the exuberant growth of a multitude of new synapses, the brain undergoes: |
|
Definition
|
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