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Definition
| the sound pressure wave generated by the vibrating vocal folds |
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| a vocal sound produced by relatively free passage of the airstream through the larynx and oral cavity |
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| a speech sound produced with one or more areas of the vocal tract narrowed by some degree of constriction (partial or transiently complete) |
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| acoustic theory of speech production |
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Definition
| states that the features of the vocal tract can be inferred from its acoustic output, and that the speech production may be broken down into two major components, the sound source and the filter, or resonator |
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| Another name for acoustic theory of speech production |
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| the characteristic resonances of the vocal tract |
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| the decrease in energy with increase in frequency, ideally described in the sound source as 12 dB per octave |
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| the energy of the fundamental frequency and harmonics of the source signal (the glottal volume velocity) |
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Definition
| the formants of the vocal tract for a given articulatory posture |
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| generally the lips, mandible, tongue, and velum |
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Definition
a)in the short-term, the variablity or irregularity in a system (jitter/shimmer)
b)disruption of a system
c) constriction |
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Definition
| the most front vowels, and the most back vowels; called corner vowels due to where they are situated on the vowel quadrilateral chart |
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| arrangement of the vowels of American English by vowel qualities of height and openness, such that they form roughly a quadrilateral shape |
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| vowels without a distinct front or back quality; often said to have reduced vowel quality |
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| perception of the high or low of a vowel |
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Definition
| perception of frontness or backness of a vowel |
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Definition
| eight vowels described by the phonetician Daniel Jones as being independent of a given language, located at exxtremes of the vowel quadrilateral, so scientists could discuss vowels across different languages and different individuals |
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| secondary cardinal vowels |
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Definition
| produced by using the opposite lip posture with each of the primary cardinal vowels |
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Definition
| a method of describing vowels, that is, in general, the acoustic result of duration, whereby tense vowels are longer and lax vowels are shorter |
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| inherent duration of the vowel |
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Definition
| an inherent characteristic of vowels and is an important perceptual cue for identification of a given vowel |
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| rhotic vowels (R-colored) |
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Definition
| an auditory perception of vowel quality, associated with /r/ |
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Definition
| vowels produced with a characteristic steady-state formant pattern, as contrasted with dipthongs |
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Definition
| vowels characterized by onglides and offglides, and lacking a characteristic steady-state formant pattern. They are percieved as close juxtaposition of two vowels |
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| the articulatory starting point for a dipthong |
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| the articulatory ending point for a dipthong |
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| the midpoint of peak of the formant. It represents the frequency that is allowed to pass with the greatest amplitude |
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| the range of frequencies between the low and high pass cut off frequencies |
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Definition
| a filter that selectively passes certain frequency components of a complex sound wave and rejects others |
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Definition
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Definition
| an acoustic filter that blocks the high frequency components of a sound wave, and allows the low-frequency components to be passed |
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| high pass acoustic filters |
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Definition
| an acoustic filter that blocks the low-frequency components of a sound wave and allows the high-frequency components to be passed |
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Definition
| the delimiting frequency of a filter |
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Definition
| a specified range of frequencies between the low and the high pass cutoff frequencies to be passed effectively |
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Definition
| the rate at which frequencies are attenuated beyond the cutoff frequency. attenuates frequencies very quickly beyond its cut off frequency |
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Definition
| the rate at which frequencies are attenuated beyond the cutoff frequency. attenutates frequencies relatively slowly beyond its cutoff frequency |
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Definition
| the cutoff frequency of a filter is defined as the frequency at which the amplitude of the frequency component is decreased by 3dB (half its power) |
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| the graphic representation of the frequency and intensity of the sound pressure wave as a function of time |
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| in sound spectrography, the detail with which the frequency or time information is displayed is referred to as the frequency or time resolution is described as the filter bandwidth |
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Definition
| the peak amplitudes of the harmonics in the sound wave, inferred to be located at or near formant frequencies |
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| linear perdictive coding (LPC) |
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Definition
| a method of transfer of the time-series speech waveform into a frequency-based spectrum. represents the amplitude of the formant frequencies |
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Term
| long-term average spectrum (LTAS) |
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Definition
| an averaging of the spectral energy over a window of a specified duration of sustained duration of sustained vowel phonation |
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Term
| harmonics-to-noise ratio (H/N) |
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Definition
| a numerical evaluation of the ratio of the energy in the fundamental and harmonics to the energy in the aperiodic, or noise component of the speech signal, averaged over a number f cycles |
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Definition
| a method of estimating the glottal flow signal from the speech signal |
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Definition
| noninvasive imaging of the inner structures of the body with x-rays |
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Definition
| point tracking instrumentation used to obtain kinematic data, which employs an extraordinary narrow beam to minimize the amount of tissue x-ray exposure; also employs the use of tiny gold pellets that are affixed to the articulators, to define movement of the articulators more clearly |
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Definition
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| a non-invasive, non-xray diagnositc technique based on the magnetic fields of hydrogen atoms in the body. provides computer-generated images of the body's internal tissues and organs |
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Definition
| the number of independent variables required to completely describe a system at a given moment. If certain variables are related, then we say that these variables are constrained and the ____ are reduced. |
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| ultrasonography (ultrasound) |
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Definition
| a procedure in which hihg-energy sound waved are bounced off internal tissues or organs , producing echoes, the patterns of which form images called sonograms. |
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