Term
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Definition
65-74 years old
1936-1945
silent generation |
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Term
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Definition
75-84 years old
1926-1935
"Silent Generation" |
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Term
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Definition
85 and up
1925 and before
Greatest Generation |
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Term
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Definition
*12% of the US population were 65 years and older
*20% of the US population will be above 65 |
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Term
Why the Increase?
When Will the baby boomers be turning 65? |
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Definition
*The baby boomers are aging (1945-1964)
*2011-2029 |
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Term
In 2003, life expectancy in the US was?
Men?
Women? |
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Definition
*77.3 years
*72.3 for men
*78.3 for women |
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Term
How many US centenarians in 2000?
How many in 2050? |
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Definition
*72,000=2000
*834,000= 2050 |
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Term
| In 2003, ratio for young old, old old, oldest old? |
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Definition
*82 men per 100 women for young old
*64 men per 100 women for old old
*40.7 men per 100 women for oldest old |
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Term
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Definition
*30% of elders lived alone
*19% of older men lived alone
*38% of older women lived alone |
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Term
| 65 and up in nursing homes? |
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Definition
*4.4% lived in nursing homes
*5% in self-described nursing homes |
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Term
In 2007, poverty lines for 65 and up?
Mean annual income for 65 and up?
Poverty Range? |
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Definition
*Poverty line= $9,944
*Poverty rate=9.7% /6.6% men, 12% women
*Mean income= $24,233 for males, $14,021 for females
*6.4% near poor (within 125% of poverty line)
*Without social security, 47% would be poor |
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Term
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Definition
| A term employed for the impact of caregiving responsibilities on middle aged. |
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Term
| Shift in Leading Cause of Death? |
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Definition
From infectious/acute illness
to...
Chronic/Degenerative Diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| Incremental changes leading to progressive decreases in functions of organ systems; organs lose function at about 1% per year; different parts of the body age at different rates |
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Term
Maximum life spans
1.) Fruit Fly
2.)Dog
3.)Domestic Cat
4.) Chimpanzee
5.)Human Being
6.)Tortise |
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Definition
1.)25 days
2.)20 years
3.)30 years
4.)48 years
5.)110-120 years
6.)150 years |
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Term
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Definition
Study of body structures
*may give us ideas on what impacts life span |
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Term
PA
Rate of Living Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The faster the metabolism, the shorter the lifespan; largely been rejected |
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Term
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Definition
Chance= random events
Fate=an inevitable genetic program |
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Term
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Definition
| Ongoing cycle; wear out and repair; everyday 1000s of cells die and are replaced; damaged cell parts are repaired, but repair capacity limited; damage accumlates with age |
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Term
| Error Accumulation Theory |
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Definition
| "Errors" occur to degrade the genetic code; over time small errors build up; like making a copy over and over and over (it fades and disappears.) |
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Term
| Accumulative Waste Theory |
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Definition
Build up of waste products/harmful substances in our cells; interferes with metabolism; leads to cell death; damage in excess of repair capacity leads to decline and age-related disease.
Ex. Plaques and tangles |
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Term
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Definition
| Connective tissue lose elasticity (skin, lens of eye); collagen: natural protein in skin, bones, tendons; accumulation of "cross-linking" compounds in collagen; collagen becomes stiff, impairs cell function |
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Term
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Definition
| Unstable molecules; by-prodcts of oxygen metabolism in cells; free radicals cause damage b/c they bond with proteins and other structures, which may become unable to function as a consequence |
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Term
PA
Compression of Morbidity Hypothesis |
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Definition
A long healthy existence and a sudden end
*May also go the other way; increased survival and increased disability |
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Term
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Definition
| Preservation of autonomy is tremendously important to older adults well being. Once older adults reach a stage of dependence, aditional autonomy may be taken from them, maybe inadertently, older adults who were gien more had better psychological and health outcomes, granting independence in care settings may be inconvenient/ more time consuming. |
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Term
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Definition
One fails to take perspective of com. partner and modify interaction style accordingly; younger adults might speak fast, keep head turned away, chew gum while talking, speak about topic older adult is not familiar with, can also be inititated by older adult.
Painful self disclosure may leave com. partner uncertain how to respond
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Term
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Definition
1.) Speaking in a high pitch is not helpful
2.) Reducing sentence length is not helpful |
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Term
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Definition
1.) Repeat/ Rephrase
2.) Place stress on key words
3.) Reduce grammatical complexity |
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Term
| Communication Predicament of Aging (CPA) Model |
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Definition
| Perceived and inferred negative stereotypes of aging will lead to comm. patterns such as overaccommodation which, in the long run, will further reduce psychological status and com. abilities of older adults |
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Term
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Definition
| may speak louder, slower, use grammatically less complex sentences, simplified vocab, repeat things, use variable pitch, use more endearing terms, only talk about certain topics with elderly; not accommodating the indiv. but the stereotype; patronizing talk/elderspeak/secodary baby talk |
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Term
| Communication Accomodation Theory (CAT) |
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Definition
| we want com to work (cooperative principle). We adjust our speech style depending on who we are talking to; may have stereotypes in place about older adults (hard of hearing, slower mental speed, not up to date, likely to have different opinions |
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Term
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Definition
| Interaction in social groups are based on reciprocal balance; parents take care of children; adult children take care of parents; spouses/partners/friends take care of each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Successful aging is adapting to and compensating for life changes; eliminate some roles and activities and emphasizing others; social concept of homeostasis- maintained balance or to regulate one's behaviors in response to external/physical changes |
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Term
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Definition
| Elderly and society look at old age as a time to separate; as society changes the elderly back off; has been criticized |
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Term
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Definition
| Status of the elderly declines as societies become more modern; increase technology inversely impacts the elderly; new knowledge is valued; old knowledge is devalued; families are dispersed, leaving the elderly to fend for themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposed answers; usually, many alternative models/theories exist for important questions; based on observations; do not represent reality but approximate an aspect of reality |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking that all older people are alike-a negative view of age |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Aging results from progressive weakening of potential for cell division; cells have finite capactiy for relicating and maintaining function (Hayflick Limit). Theory sees aging as programmed at genetic level |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.)Immune System: defense against invader like bacteria, illnesses, helps body develop antibodies against invaders and remove damaged and mutant cells; immune system starts to deteriorate after adolescence- may not recognize invaders and damaged cells as readily; autoimmune diseases increase with age (though also genetic factors). |
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Term
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Definition
| Aging is programmed into body at conception; aging may be timed by glands (endocrine system: thymus, hypothalmus, pineal, and/or pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| At organ system level we have capacity for function that we generally don't use; performance is available on demand; allows us to ramp up for increased demands (health challenges); reduced capacity may not have discernable impact on daily activities but present reduced ability to maintain homeostasis; regulation of bodily functions as a response to changes in the environment |
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Term
| Highest time of physiologic change? |
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Definition
*Childhood/adolescense and old age\
-as aging continues it becomes easier to confuse normal aging with disease processes |
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Term
| Changes in body structure and composition |
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Definition
1.)Loss of Height: arches collapse; narrowing of joint spaces in legs and spine; increased spinal curvature
2.)Loss of Body Weight: Redistribution of water and fat; lean body mass decreases; increase in fat around and within organs
3.)Decrease in Bone Mass: Mineral loss, physiological stressor; erosion of th einner core of the bones
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Term
| Changes in sensory perception |
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Definition
1.)Decrease in taste and smell:may need higher concentrations of 4 primary tastes
2.)Decreased visual acuity:Pupils become smaller, less light can get into retina; ability to accom. from light to dark is reduced; increased sensitivity to glare; ptosis: eyelids droops; dryness causes corneal damage; presbyopia: decline in ability to focus on near-by objects b/c of reduced elasticity; catarcts: lens becomes opaque due to oxidation; glaucoma:inefficient reabsorption of fluid; macular degeneration; diabetic reitonopathy; repsonse to pain decrease; reduced/altered tactile sensitivity
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced elasticity, reduced moisture; secondary to aging and environment; reduced subcutaneous fat; skin thins causing lesions from blood collecting under skin; more likely to feel cold; sweat glands get smaller-poor adjustment to heat |
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Term
| Changes in kidney and urinary function |
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Definition
| Deteriorations in kidney functions in 2/3 of elderly; reduces ability to eliminate excess meds (OD more easily); reduced kidney function doesn't hamper overall health but other illnesses can cause decompensation; problems with urinary function (reduced bladder volume; difficulty using facilities; incontinence which causes social isolation and skin damage). |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal Functional |
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Definition
| Not a lot of changes due to aging; indigestion (reduced peristalitic activity; slower espophageal emptying); intolerance to large amounts of fat, calorie requirements may decline (still need same amount of vitamins). |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in heart and circulation (reduced heart rate; increased blood pressure; heart valve problems; thickening/hardening of the arteries; arteriosclerosis:postural dizziness on rising, increased incidence of heart disease/ stroke/ hypertension/ congestive heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| Age related decline in respiratory capacity; lungs less elastic; action of cilia declines; diminished cough reflex; reduced maximum oxygen uptake; increased residual volume; more susceptible to pnemonia |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.) Arthritis; osteoperosis; changes in joints related to age; all voluntary body movements can be involved (reduced flexibility; increased stiffness; decreased grip strength); regular physical activities can reduce the limitations; inactivity can make it worse. |
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Term
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Definition
1.) # of nerve cells decrease with age
2.)Brain weight declines after 30 (10% loss by age 90)
3.) Decline in speed of action potentials through nerve fibers (slow by 30% between 20 and 80)
4.) Nerves lose myelin; reduces speed and precision of signal
5.) senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles
6.) increase in CSF visible in older adults (80 to 30)
7.) Frontal cortex disproportionally affected by aging. Thinning and loss of volume
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Term
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Definition
| Peak in white matter volume around 50, then volume loss throughout 70s-80s. Changes in subcortal white matter variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Deposit of amyloid (a protein) in the spaces between neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| also deposits, from cell components, within the neuron; plaques and tangles apparent in small amounts in normal aging; in larger quantities in Alzheimer's Disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Variability person to person; frequency of symptoms is different than in younger adults; altered appearance of disease processes; emphasis: functional health |
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Term
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Definition
| All results must be viewed in light of changes caused by normal aging, members of the geriatric team: physician, denstist, nurse, physical therapist, occupational therapist, speech pathologist, audiologist |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of the distribution of risk factors of health-related events in specified populations; important to include everybody in a given population/ certain age range, including those with bad health |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudan: maintained almost normal hearing up to age 80; suggesting that industrialized country environmental factors may be a major contributor to presbycusis |
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Term
| Prevalence on hearing loss |
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Definition
At one point in time=
# of people with hearing loss/ all people tested
multiplied by 100
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Term
| Incidence of Hearing Loss |
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Definition
Over a period of time/longitudinally=
# of people who had no hearing loss at beginning of period but do now
divided by
# of people who had no hearing loss at beginning
multiplied by 100
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Term
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Definition
| 42-47% prevalence in hearing loss in individuals 63 and older |
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Term
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Definition
| same hearing loss definitions as EHLS |
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Term
| EHLS and FHS but not HOLA |
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Definition
| Men had poorer hearing than women |
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Term
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Definition
1.) Longest and biggest ongoing study available
2.) Prevalence of hearing loss 46% in participants aged 48 to 92;
3.) Perceived impairment increased with age across all participants; declined with age for those with moderate to severe hearing loss ( likely compensation as hearing loss progresses; social isolation, etc
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Term
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Definition
5 year incidence of hearing loss: 21%
5 year progression of hearing loss: 53% |
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Term
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Definition
| Of those who believed they had a hearing loss, 56% reported not having a hearing test |
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Term
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Definition
Perception of sound in ears w/out the presense of actual sound in the environment *Typically co-occurs with hearing loss, however, ELHS reported the lowest prevalence in the oldest adults ( one explanation is higher prevalence of high freq hearing loss in this cohort)
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