Term
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Definition
| Back and forth oscillation |
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Term
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Definition
| All sound begins with _______________. |
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Term
| Mass, elasticity/stiffness, and resistance(friction) |
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Definition
| Features of vibration are determined by... |
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Term
a) Frequency
b) Period
c) Amplitude
d) Phase |
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Definition
| Features of vibration that we can observe and measure include: |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Time/cycle in seconds (or milliseconds) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
(1) Peak
(2) peak-to-peak
(3) instantaneous
(4) average (rms) |
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Definition
| What are the types of displacement? |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the cycle you are in, measured in degrees; each cycle is divided into 360 degrees. |
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Term
(1) onset phase
(2) instantaneous phase |
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Definition
| What are the 2 types of phases? |
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Term
1) Free vibration
2) Forced vibration |
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Definition
| What are the 3 types of vibrations? |
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Term
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Definition
| When the object is displaced and then allowed to to vibrate as will. (ex. guitar string) |
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Term
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Definition
| Free vibration occurs until ___________ effects "steal" the energy, converting it to _______. |
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Term
| resonant frequency; mass; stiffness |
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Definition
| The frequency of free vibration is called _________ ___________. It is determined by the objects _____ & ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the object is pushed back and forth by an oscillating driving force. (ex. Speakers) |
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Term
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Definition
| Forced vibration continues as long as the _____ ______ continues. |
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Term
(a) the amplitude of the driving force
(b) the object's mass, stiffness, and resistance |
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Definition
| The amplitude of the forced vibration is determined by: |
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Term
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Definition
| A vibrating object placed in a medium will create disturbances in that medium that travel outward from the object at a speed that is specific to that medium called the _________ of __________. |
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Term
a) temperature
b) pressure/density
c) State (solid/liquid/gas) of the medium |
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Definition
| The speed of sound will vary with: |
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Term
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Definition
| The distance sound travels each period. |
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Term
a) Lose amplitude with distance (ISL)
b) May encounter an object |
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Definition
| Sound traveling in a medium will: |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
a) Transmission
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Refraction |
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Definition
| What are the 4 ways that sound can encounter an object? |
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Term
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Definition
| If the impedance of the medium is similar to that of the object |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sound bends around to fill in area beyond |
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Term
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Definition
| Bending of the path of sound travel |
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Term
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Definition
| Sounds can be _______ or _________. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a) sounds with energy at only one frequency
b) waveform in sinusoidal
c) always periodic |
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Term
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Definition
a) Energy at more than one frequency
b) waveform can be periodic or aperiodic
c) Some periodic complex sounds are Harmonic Series |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeating pattern over regular time interval |
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Term
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Definition
| Not repeating over any consistent time interval |
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Term
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Definition
| Consist of energy at a series of mathematically related frequencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Frequencies that are integer multiples of some lowest frequency |
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Term
| complex; periodic; aperiodic |
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Definition
| The most natural sounds are _____________ sounds, and many have both ________ & ________ components. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmission of sound energy can set an object into __________. |
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Term
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Definition
| The frequency at which the object will be most responsive. |
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Term
| Mass and elasticity/stiffness |
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Definition
| What helps to determine resonant frequency? |
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Term
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Definition
| Another word for "Free Vibration" |
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Term
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Definition
| The greater the mass, the lower the resonant frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| The greater the stiffness, the higher the resonant frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ will also determine the amplitude of resonance. |
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Term
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Definition
The greater the resistance:
(a) the _______ the amplitude of forced vibration.
(b) the _______ the duration of the free vibration. |
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Term
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Definition
Closed end
-little vibration produced by destructive interference |
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Term
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Definition
Open end
-maximum vibration produced by constructive interference |
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Term
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Definition
| The multiple frequencies that result in a node at the closed end and antinode at the open end. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amplitude is measure in dB ____ or db ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time in seconds or milliseconds. |
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Term
1. Waveform
2. Amplitude Spectrum
3. Phase Spectrum
4. Spectrogram |
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Definition
| What are the 4 ways of displaying sounds? |
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Term
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Definition
| One way of displaying sounds; amplitude (y-axis) as function of time (x-axis) |
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Term
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Definition
| One way of displaying sounds; amplitude (y-axis) as a function of frequency (x-axis) |
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Term
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Definition
| One way of displaying sounds; phase (y-axis) as a function of frequency (x-axis) |
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Term
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Definition
| On way of displaying sounds; frequency (y-axis) as a function of time (x-axis) with amplitude shown as the intensity of color |
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Term
| Source-Filter Theory for Speech |
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Definition
| Speech is produced by a sound source in the larynx that sets the vocal tract (filter) into resonance. The acoustics of this resonance can be manipulated by the lips, tongue, jaw and velum to produce different speech sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the "source" in source-filter theory? |
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Term
| diaphragm; external intercostal muscles |
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Definition
| Inhalation/Inspiration is produced by the contraction of the _________ and ___________. |
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Term
| diaphragm; abdomen; lungs; thorax; internal intercostal muscles. |
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Definition
| Exhalation is produced by the relaxation of the ________, natural elasticity of ___________,___________, and ________, an contraction of the _________________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bringing vocal fold together. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___________ muscles bring vocal folds closer together. |
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Term
1) Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)
2) Transverse arytenoid
3) Oblique arytneoid |
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Definition
Laryngeal muscles that adduct the vocal folds include:
1)
2)
3) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Moving vocal folds apart. |
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Term
| 1) Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) |
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Definition
Laryngeal muscle that abducts the vocal fold
1) |
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Term
1) Thyrovocalis
2) Cricothyroid |
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Definition
Laryngeal tensors of the vocal folds include:
1)
2) |
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Term
|
Definition
Laryngeal muscle that relaxes the vocal folds:
1) |
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Term
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Definition
| How does the Bernoulli effect affect the vocal folds? |
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Term
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Definition
| As velocity increases, pressure in gas or fluid decreases, air traveling through narrow hole at vocal folds travels faster creating an area of decreased pressure, therefore sucking the folds together. |
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Term
| Fundamental frequency and harmonics of that frequency. |
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Definition
| Vocal fold vibrations produce energy at what frequency? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| >400 Hz including incomplete closure of vocal folds. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Filter is a.k.a. the _______________ |
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Term
| Tongue, teeth, velum, lips |
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Definition
| What are the articulators of the vocal tract? |
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Term
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Definition
Ranges of frequency where the amplitude of the vocal harmonics is enhanced.
Visible in a spectrogram as darker bands.
They are altered with varying constrictions of the vocal tract and become key acoustic cues to vowels and consonants. |
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Term
| by ascending frequency range (F1, F2, F3, etc.) |
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Definition
| How are formants numbered? |
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Term
|
Definition
Vowel or Consonant?
-Lesser degree of constriction of the vocal tract.
-Greater energy.
-Characterized by different patterns of formant energies.
-F1, F2 ratio yields vowel quadrilateral. |
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Term
|
Definition
Vowel or consonant?
-Greater degree of constriction.
-Less energy.
-Place can vary.
-Can be voiced or unvoiced.
-Manner of articulation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Complete closure of vocal tract, release burst, formant transition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| turbulence (noisiness) frequency depending on place. |
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Term
|
Definition
| hybrid of stop and fricative |
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Term
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Definition
| low, strong F1 and comparatively weaker higher formants |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vowel-like formant transitions, with some antiformants |
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Term
|
Definition
| slow formant transitions in F1 and F2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the influence of speech sounds on the articulation of those speech sounds around them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| What are the 2 suprasegmental aspects of speech? |
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Term
|
Definition
Suprasegmental aspect of speech:
-cueing a question or declarative sentence.
-conveying emotional content.
-adding emphasis |
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Term
|
Definition
Suprasegmental aspect of speech:
-Intonation: variation in F, across an utterance.
-Variation in intensity across an utterance.
-Variation in syllabic across an utterance. |
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|
Term
1. High speed videography
2. Stroboscopy
3. Electroglottography
4. Acoustic source extraction |
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Definition
| Methods to measure and quantify vocal fold function: |
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Term
1. X-ray
2. Ultrasound
3. MRI
4. Spectrographic analysis |
|
Definition
| Methods to measure vocal tract and articulator function: |
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