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listening too hard
jumping to conclusion
focusing on delivery and personal appearance |
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| ways to become a better listener |
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take listening seriously
be an active listener-note taker
resist distractions
don't be diverted by appearance or delivery
suspend judgement
focus your listening
listen for evidence and technique
develop note taking skills |
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| keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of every speech presentation |
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| a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals and experiences. |
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| the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs and well-being. |
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| demographic audience analysis |
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| audience analysis that focuses on dempgraphic factors such as age, gender, religoin, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic or cultural background |
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| creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike |
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| situational audience analysis |
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| audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech and teh disposition of the audience toward the topic the speaker and the occasion. |
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| fixed-alternative questions |
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| questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives. |
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| questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers |
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| questions that allow respondents to answer however they want |
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| people with first hand expierence |
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| restating someone else's words |
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| quotations or paraphrases used to support a point |
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| quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it |
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| the major points developed in the body of a speech. most speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points. |
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| a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern |
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| a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern |
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| main points show cause and effect |
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| first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second presents the solution |
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| main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics |
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| use same wording for each point. |
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| examples, statistics, and testimony |
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| word or phrase that connects the ideas of the speech and indicates the relationship btwn them |
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| word or phrase that indicates when a speakerhas finished one thought and is moving on to another. |
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| statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next |
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| statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point or points |
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| a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas |
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| discourse that takes many more words than necessary to express an idea |
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| trite or overused expression |
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| similar but not with like or as |
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| the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words phrases or sentences |
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| repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words |
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| juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure |
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| language that does not stereotype, demean or patronize people on the basis of gender race religion disability sexual orientation or other factors |
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| use of he to refer to both women and men |
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| reguarding speaker intelligence, expertise and knowledge of the subject |
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| audience reguard to speakers sincerity, trustworthyness |
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| aristotle for communication refer to as credibility |
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| credibility before speaker starts |
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| credibility of speaker produced by things said during speech |
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| credibility of speaker at the end of the speech |
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| the speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience |
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| logical appeal of a speaker, the two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning |
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| the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence |
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| reasoning from specific instances |
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| reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion |
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| error in reasoing from specific instances which the speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. |
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| reasoning that moves from a general princibles to a specific conclusion. |
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| reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. |
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| ergo... after this, therefore because of this |
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| reasoing in whch speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second |
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| an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike. |
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| a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion |
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| a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dewling with the real issue |
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| a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist |
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| a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct or desirable |
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| fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented |
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| communication of emotional appeal |
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| william james theory of persuasion |
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| that which holds attention determines action |
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| significance, shock the audience, arrouse curiosity, easy to follow |
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| be brief, accuracy, adapt to occasion, adapt to main speaker, adapts to audience, create anticipation or drama |
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| a speech that presents someone a gift, an award or some other from of public recognition |
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| a speech to entertain that makes a thoughtful point about its subject in a lighthearted manner |
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