Term
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Definition
| the study of the immune system and immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 primary functions of the immune system? |
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Definition
- Identify self versus non self
- Destroy non-self |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that stimulate the immune system to product antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to the presence of an antigen |
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Term
| What is Humoral immunity? |
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Definition
| it involves the production of antibodies in response to antigens (protects against pathogens) |
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Term
| What is cell-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
| involves various cell types with antibodies only playing a minor roll |
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Term
| What is acquired immunity? |
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Definition
| immunity that results from the active production or recipient of production |
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Term
| Two areas of active acquired immunity and the definitions |
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Definition
Natural - exposed to antigen and your body has an immune response to it
Artificial - injected with something that articificially makes an immune response (vaccines) |
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Term
| Passive acquired immunity: two of them and definitions |
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Definition
Natural: occur naturally; maternal antibodies
Artificial: sera, gamma globulin - injected with gamma globulin (antibody made in an animal) |
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Term
| What are protective antibodies? |
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Definition
| antibodies that protect us from infection or reinjection |
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Term
| TF all antibodies are effective at protecting |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two branches of the immune system? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
antibodies that work outside the cell: always involves the production of antibodies.
Antibodies remain in blood plasma, lymph and protect against the pathogen that stimulated them |
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Term
| What is cell-mediated immunity |
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Definition
virus living inside the cell where antibodies can't attach to it.
It involves macrophages, T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, delayed hypersensitivity T cells, NK cells, killer cells and granulocytes |
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Term
| TF antibodies play a big role in cell mediated immunity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| glycoprotein produced by plasma B cells via stimulus from antigens |
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Term
| What is an immunoglobulin |
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Definition
| (antibody) globular like protein involved in the immune response |
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Term
| What is the structure of an antibody? |
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Definition
| two heavy and two light chains |
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Term
| Where does the antibody have specific things for identification? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many antigen binding sites do antibodies have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are monoclonial antibodies? |
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Definition
| purified antibodies made in lab for a single antigen. |
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Term
| What are monoclonial antibodies made from? |
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Definition
| hybridoma (hybrid of plasma cell and tumor cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| monomer or dimer, 10-20%: saliva, tears, colostrum, breast milk, mucous |
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Term
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Definition
| found on surface of B cells. Function is unclear, maybe an antigen receptor? |
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Term
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Definition
| Allergic responses on surface of basophils or mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
Most abundant (naturally acquired)
- only class that can cross placenta
- Long lived
- activate complement
- bind cellular receptors |
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Term
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Definition
pentamer (10%): high binding capacity
- first antibodies made during primary response
- bind 10 antigens each
- short-lived |
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Term
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Definition
| any foreign substance able to stimulate antibody production |
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Term
| What does antigenic mean? |
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Definition
| substances are capable of producing antibodies |
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Term
| What does immunogenic mean? |
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Definition
| generate antibodies that help to keep you healthy |
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Term
| Antigenic determinants (AKA and definition) |
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Definition
| epitopes: molecules on surface of antigen that are capable of stimulating the production of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| act as antigens only if they are coupled with large carrier molecules (they are too small to work on their own) |
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Term
| What is the primary response? |
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Definition
| initial response to an antigen |
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Term
| What happens during the primary response? |
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Definition
| plasma cells multiply, and some become memory cells or plasma cells |
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Term
| What is the secondary response? |
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Definition
| the increased production of antibodies after the second exposure to the antigen |
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Term
| What are the antibody producing cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells are involved in humoral immunity |
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Definition
| B cells --> plasma cells, T helper cells, memory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to produce antibody in response to antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| low levels of antibody production (have B cells that don't work) |
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Term
| How do antibodies protect us? 5 |
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Definition
| prevent attachment, neutralize toxins/viruses, opsonize (candy coat for phagocytosis), activate complement system, Activate NK cells |
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Term
| What are the 3 locations of immune responses? |
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Definition
| spleen, lumph nodes, tonsils/adenoids |
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Term
| What are the cells of the immune system? |
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Definition
| T cells (T helper/ T cytotoxic), B cells (plasma and memory), NK cells, macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| materials that artificially induce immunity to a pathogen |
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Term
| How can vaccines be delivered? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two things do vaccines produce? |
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Definition
| protective antibodies and memory cells |
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Term
| What 4 qualities does the ideal vaccine contain? |
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Definition
| contains enough antigens to yield protective antibodies, covers all strains, few/no side effects, does not cause disease |
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Term
| Types of vaccines: Live Attenuated |
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Definition
| live organism is weakened, mutant, avirulent |
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Term
| Examples of live attenuated vaccines |
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Definition
| varicells, measles, mumps, polio, BCG, cholera |
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Term
| Types of vaccines: inactivated |
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Definition
| organism is killed by heat or chemicals, not as good as live |
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Term
| Examples of inactivated vaccine |
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Definition
| HepA, influenza, viral encephalitis, anthrax |
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Term
| Types of vaccines: subunit |
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Definition
| a cellular, antigenic portion of pathogen (use the purified protein) |
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Term
| examples of subunit vaccines |
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Definition
| HepB, lyme disease, pertussis |
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Term
| Types of vaccines: conjugate |
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Definition
| attach capsule antigens to a carrier protein (to get a good antibody response) |
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Term
| Examples of conjugate vaccines |
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Definition
| Hib, meningococcal, pneumococcal |
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Term
| Types of vaccines: Toxoid |
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Definition
| inactivated bacterial toxin (for bugs that are more driven by the toxin) |
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Term
| Examples of toxoid vaccine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| plasmid with pathogen gene: experimental |
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Term
| What is cell-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
| controls infections of intracellular pathogens |
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Term
| What are the interactions of cell mediated immunity between? |
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Definition
| between many types of cells and cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
| engulf, kill, present antigen to T helper |
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Term
| What do T helper cells do? |
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Definition
| secrete cytokines, signal other cells (intermediate that call in reinforcement) |
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Term
| What do effector cells do? What are 2 effector cells |
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Definition
kill infected cells
- T cytotoxic
- Natural Killer: they target cells, foreign/host cells infected with virus or tumor cells |
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Term
| Cell mediated immunity: response to infection: macrophage |
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Definition
| phagocytoses, digests pathogen. They then display pathogen antigen epitopes in MHC |
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Term
| Cell mediated immunity: response to infection: TH cell |
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Definition
| they bind to the antigen:MHC complex, producing cytokines |
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Term
| Cell mediated immunity: response to infection: Cytokines |
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Definition
| Recruit/activate effector cells |
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Term
| Cell mediated immunity: response to infection: Effector cells |
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Definition
| binds to target cell displaying same Ag:MHC, contents of effector cells are discharged, Toxins enter and kill infected target cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| overly sensitive immune system |
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Term
| What does hypersensitivity cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells does a hypersensitivity reaction involve? |
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Definition
| Ag and T cells (SOMETIMES antibodies, depending on what antigen is present) |
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Term
| Time frame for immediate hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
| within minutes to 24 hours |
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Term
| Delayed hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
| >24 hours, cell mediated that takes longer to recruit cells |
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Term
| Look at slide 16: type 1 hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in a type 1 hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| IgE antibodies and release chemical mediators from mast cells and basophils. |
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Term
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Definition
| antigen that cause sensitivity |
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Term
| Allergic response: 1st exposure |
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Definition
| sensitizes cells with IgE (antibody) |
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Term
| Allergic response: 2nd exposure |
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Definition
| allergen triggers degranulation |
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Term
| Localized anaphylaxis is due to what cells? |
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Definition
mast cells (hay fever)
symptom depends on how it enters the body |
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Term
| Systemic anaphylaxis is due to what cells? |
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Definition
| basophils (drugs, insect bite). Anaphylactic shock results form the release of chemical mediators from basophils in the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, and latex allergy |
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Term
| When is allergy skin testing considered positive? |
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Definition
| if cutaneous anaphylaxis occurs |
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Term
| What is the purpose of allergy shots? science-ie description |
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Definition
| try to get IgG response before it gets to the IgE |
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Term
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Definition
| cytotoxic reactions (body cells are destroyed) antibodies are recognizing own cells and working to kill them |
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Term
| What is the process of type 2 hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| antigen (ie drug) binds to cell surface, antibody binds to the bound antigen, antibody binding initiated complement activation, complement cascade lyses cell. |
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Term
| When doe type 2 hypersensitivity occur? |
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Definition
| incompatible blood transfusions and Rh factor incompatability |
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Term
| Type 3 hypersensitivities |
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Definition
| immune complex reactions ( Ag+Ab+C) |
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Term
| What are immune complexes the result of? |
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Definition
| binding of an antibody with the antigen that stimulated its production |
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Term
| Why are antigen-antibody complexes bad? |
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Definition
| they can get stuck in kidneys and trigger complement activation and cause destruction to these tissues |
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Term
| What can type 3 hypersensitivity cause |
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Definition
| tissue damage, serum sickness, autoimmune disease, fever, rash, kidney malfunction, heart damage |
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Term
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Definition
| delayed type hypersensitivity |
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Term
| What type of immune system mechanism does type 4 hypersensitivity work through? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 examples of type 4 |
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Definition
| tuberculin, fungal skin tests |
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Term
| Transplant rejection occurs in what hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process of type 4? |
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Definition
- influx of PNMs within 2-3 hours of injection
- PNMs disperse; followed by lymphocytes and macrophages
- Area becomes red w/in 12-18 hours
- Erythema (redness) peaks between 24-48 hours
- With time, swelling/redness disappear |
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Term
| What happens in an autoimmune disease? |
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Definition
| immune system fails to recognize self and attacks body tissue as if it were foreign |
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Term
| What can cause autoimmune diseases? 2 |
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Definition
| tissue not exposed to immune system during fetal development or your own cells are altered by drugs or viruses. |
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Term
| What are autoimmune diseases a result of? |
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Definition
| type 2 3 4 hypersensitivity |
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Term
| Ex of organ specific autoimmune disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-organ specific autoimmune diseases |
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Definition
| affect skin, kidneys, joints, myasthenia gravis, SLE, RA (antibodies are floating around and deposit wherever blood takes them) |
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Term
| What are the causes of immunosuppression? |
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Definition
| malnutrition, acquired immunodeficiencies, inherited immunodeficiencies |
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Term
| what are acquired immunodeciciencies |
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Definition
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Term
| What are inherited immunodeciciencies |
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Definition
| lack of antibody, complement, phagocytic or NK function, chronic granulomatous disease, SCID, DiGeorge syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome |
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Term
| What is DiGeorge syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome |
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Definition
| no B/T cells, monocytes and platelets |
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Term
| What can detection of antibodies tell you? |
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Definition
| indicate present or past infection or vaccination |
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Term
| What antibody do you test for? |
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Definition
| IgM: you look at acute serum and convalescent serum. then you look for antigens |
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