Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary process in which an adaptation in one species leads to the evolution of an adaptation in a species with which it interacts. Also known as Reciprocal adaptation. Can lead to an evolutionary "arms race" |
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Term
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Definition
| In reference to an evolutionary system, continuing adaptation is needed in order for a species to maintain its relative fitness amongst the systems being co-evolved with. (Taken as an allusion to the Red Queen Race from Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass) |
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Term
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Definition
There are many different ways in which species interact
with one another
Antagonistic interactions +/-
Mutualistic +/+
Competitive interactions -/-
Commensalism +/o
Amensalism o/- |
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Term
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Definition
| Predator-prey interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to escape or repel predators |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxic prey advertise with warning coloration |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-toxic organisms mimic toxic ones |
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Term
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Definition
| Many toxic organisms converge on common color patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
Prey species can escape predation many ways
- Crypsis (camouflage)
- Homotypy – looking like an inedible object
- Stop moving
- Run away
- Develop shells, tough skin, spines, or hair |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialists that dine on one or a few plant species. (Herbivore) |
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Term
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Definition
| Generalists that feed on many different plant species (Herbivore) |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary metabolites, plant defense against herbivores |
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Term
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Definition
| Thorns and spines, plant defense against herbivores. |
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Term
| Reciprocal Adaptations In Plants and Herbivores |
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Definition
Plants evolve new secondary metabolite
Plants with new chemical selected for
Adaptive radiation among plants with the chemical
Herbivores evolve resistance to the chemical, and some may even be able to use it as predator defense |
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Term
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Definition
Host interactions.
Bacteria, viruses, and protists |
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Term
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Definition
Ability to cause disease
Pathogen hosts can evolve resistance.
Susceptible, infected, recovered (immune) |
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Term
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Definition
| Many have mechanisms for attaching to their hosts. (Lice, leeches, mosquitoes, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
Plants and Pollinators.
To be effective, the system must have:
- An attractant or reward that entices a pollinator
- Behavior that ensures the pollinator will visit
multiple plants
- Anatomical features that ensure pollen transport |
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Term
Frugivores
Method of seed dispersal |
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Definition
Animals that feed on fruit
Transport seeds and deposit them with feces so
they are automatically fertilized
- Not always in favorable locations
Fruit ripening coincides with seed maturation so
dispersed seeds are ready for planting |
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Term
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Definition
Some exchange food for care
Some exchange food for transport
Some exchange services for housing
Some exchange services for defense |
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Term
| Intraspecific Competition |
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Definition
| Competition among individuals of the same species. |
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Term
| Interspecific Competition |
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Definition
| Competition among individuals of different species |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when one
competitor uses limited resources more efficiently and eventually eliminates the other competitor |
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Term
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Definition
the division of resources by
coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors |
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Term
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Definition
individuals actively
interfere with another’s access to resources
- May restrict habitat use |
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Term
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Definition
individuals reduce the
quantities of their shared resources
- May lead to competitive exclusion
- May lead to coexistence |
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Term
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Definition
groups of species that exploit the same
resource, but in different ways |
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Term
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Definition
the tendency for
characters to be more divergent in sympatric populations than in allopatric populations of the same two species |
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Term
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Definition
species may use the same
resource in the same location, but at different times
Predators can influence competition if they prefer
one prey species over another
Competition can determine species’ niche space |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of the distribution, abundance, demography, and interactions between coexisting populations |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of species in a given community. Determined in part by energy flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Convert light or chemical energy into organic molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
Indicate the direction of energy flow.
Primary producers – plants
Primary consumers – herbivores
Secondary consumers – predators that feed on
herbivores
Detritivores – feed on decomposing organic matter
Omnivores – feed on multiple trophic levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures the rate of energy accumulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Use diverse sources of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Interconnected food chains that illustrate energy flow through a community |
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Term
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Definition
Second law of thermodynamics states that every
transfer of energy adds to the entropy of the
universe
Fewer individuals can be supported at higher trophic levels
Energy transfers are inefficient
Approximately 10% of the energy at one trophic level will be transferred to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
Species richness is linked to productivity
Low energy environments cannot support many
species
High energy environments can support many
species up to a point
Highest energy environments have intense competition, which can lead to competitive exclusion |
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Term
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Definition
The indirect effects that addition or removal of
species has on other trophic levels
- Predators
- Herbivores |
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Term
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Definition
| a species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its biomass |
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Term
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Definition
| diversity within a single community |
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Term
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Definition
the change in species composition
from one community to another |
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Term
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Definition
the regional diversity found over
a range of communities in a geographic region |
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Term
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Definition
There is a general trend of decreasing species
diversity as latitude increases
- time - spatial heterogeneity
- specialization - predation |
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Term
| Species area relationship |
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Definition
the relationship between
the size of an area and the number of species it
supports
Large areas tend to support more species than small areas |
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Term
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Definition
Based on immigration and extinction rates
Equilibrium number of species (S) is influenced by
two main factors:
- Island size
- Distance from the mainland |
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Term
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Definition
| The species composition of a community changes over time. Progress depends on the activity of successful colonists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in an environment where new substrate is deposited |
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Term
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Definition
occurs in an environment
where disturbance has cleared substrate that previously supported vegetation |
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Term
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Definition
| The final stage of succession |
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Term
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Definition
a colonizer modifies the environment
in a way that facilitates colonization by other species |
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Term
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Definition
early colonists prevent colonization by
other species |
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Term
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Definition
the perpetuation of the climax
community is dependent on periodic disturbance
(e.g., lodgepole pine and fire) |
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Term
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Definition
succession in detritus based communities
Takes place without the inclusion of plants (e.g.,
benthic zones, corpse decay) |
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Term
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Definition
Species rich communities tend to be more stable
More efficient use of resources
Natural communities are often more stable than managed communities (e.g., monocultures in agriculture) |
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