Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Special Senses
Chapter 8: Special Senses (A&P)
89
Physiology
12th Grade
12/29/2013

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Touch
Definition
a mixture of temperature, pressure, and pain receptors of the skin and proprioceptors of muscles and joints
Term
Special Senses
Definition

"traditional" four senses:

smell, taste, sight, and hearing

Term
special sense receptors
Definition
complex sensory organs (eyes and ears) or localized  clusters of receptors (taste buds and olfactory epithelium).
Term
accessory structures of the eye
Definition
extrinsic eye muscles, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus.
Term
eyelids
Definition
protet the eye anteriorly, meeting at the medial and lateral canthus of the eye.
Term
eyelashes
Definition
projecting from the border of the eyelid
Term
meibomian glands
Definition
modified sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid edges. roduce oily lubrication for the eye
Term
ciliary glands
Definition

modified sweat glands lying between eyelashes

 

 

(cilium = eyelash)

Term
conjunctiva
Definition

Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering part of the eyeball's outer surface.

Lubricates the eyeball.

Ends at edge of cornea, fusing to corneal epithelium

Term
Conjunctivitis
Definition
inflamation of the conjunctiva resulting in reddened, irritated eyes.
Term
Pinkeye
Definition
highly contagious, infectious form caused by bacteria or virus
Term
lacrimal apparatus
Definition
consists of lacrimal gland and a number of ducts that drain lacrimal secretion into nasal cavities
Term
lacrimal glands
Definition

Located above the lateral end of each eye.

Continually release and dillute salt solution

(tears) onto the anterior surface of the eyeball.

Term
Where do tears go?
Definition
from lacrimal gland, to lacrimal canals (medially), then into lacrimal sac, and finally into nasolacrimal duct (which empties into nasal cavity)
Term
lacrimal secretion
Definition
mixture of dilute salt solution, antibodies, and lysozyme (enzyme that destroys bacteria)
Term
extrensic eye muscles
Definition
six muscles attatced to the outer surface of each eye, producing gross eye movements
Term
eyeball
Definition
hollow sphere with walls composed of tunics (coats) and interior fluids called humors (to maintain shape)
Term
lens
Definition
main focusing apparatus, divides eye cavity into two chambers.
Term
sclera
Definition

outermost tunic; a thick, white layer of connective tissue

 

 

("white of the eye")

Term
Cornea
Definition

transparent "window" within the sclera through which light enters the eye

 

 

(can be transplanted without worry of rejection)

Term
choroid
Definition
the middle coat of the eyeball: a blood-rich nutritive tunic that contains a dark pigment, preventing light from scattering inside.
Term
ciliary body
Definition
surface where lens and choroid attatch
Term
iris
Definition
modified choroid that controls amount of light passing through the pupil.
Term
retina
Definition
innermost sensory tunic of the eye, extending anteriorly into the ciliary body.
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
rods and cones: receptors responding to light
Term
two-neuron chain
Definition
electrical signals pass through bipolar cells and then ganglion cells before leaving retina via the optic nerve
Term
optic disk
Definition
"blind spot": where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball. there is an absense of photoreceptors in this area
Term
rods
Definition
photoreceptors at the periphery of the retina. allow us to see in gray tones in dim light, and provide peripheral vision
Term
fovea centralis
Definition
area of greatest visual acuity, lateral to each blind spot.
Term
what are the primary colors picked up by cones?
Definition
red, green, and blue
Term
color blindness
Definition

lack of all three cone types

 

lack of one cone type = partial color blindness

Term
cataracts
Definition
aging lens becomes hard and opaque, causing hazy vision and eventualy blindness.
Term
anterior (acueous) segment
Definition
anterior to lens, containing clear, watery fluid called aqueous humor
Term
posterior (vitreous) segment
Definition
posterior to lens, filled with gel-like substance called vitreous humor
Term
vitreous humor
Definition
prevents the eyeball from collapsing inward by reinforcing it internally
Term
aqueous  humor
Definition
similar to blood plasma and continually secreted by area of choroid. helps maintain pressure inside the eye, and provides nutrients to lens and cornea
Term
scleral venous sinus
Definition
reabsorbs aqueous humor into venous blood
Term
glaucoma
Definition
caused by a block of drainage of aqueous humor, and increased pressure within the eye. eventually causes pain and blindness.
Term
opthalmascope
Definition
in instrument that illuminates the interior of the eye, allowing the retina, optic disk, and internal blood vessels to be examined
Term
accommodation
Definition
the ability to focus specifically for close objects
Term
optic chiasma
Definition
area in brain where fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side
Term
optic radiation
Definition
optic tract fibers synapse with neurons in the thalamus, running into the occipital lobe of the brain.
Term
binocular vision
Definition
also called "two-eyed" or "three-dimensional" vision. provides depth perception.
Term
hemianopia
Definition
the loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes, resulting from damage to the visual cortex on one side.
Term
convergence
Definition
reflexive movement of the eyes medially when we view close objects.
Term
photopupillary reflex
Definition
pupils constrict, preventing excessively bright light from damaging delicate photoreceptors
Term
acommodation pupillary reflex
Definition
pupils constrict when we view close objects roviding for more acute vision
Term
mechanoreceptors
Definition
receptors the respond to physical forces on the ear
Term
outer (external) ear
Definition
composed of pinna and external auditory canal
Term
pinna
Definition
also called the auricle; the shell shaped structure surrounding the auditory canal opening
Term
external auditory canal
Definition
a short, narrow chamber carved into the temporal bone of the skull
Term
ceruminous glands
Definition
secrete waxy yellow substance called earwax (cerumen). line the walls of the external auditory canal
Term
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Definition
vibrates when hit by soundwaves; separates  the outer and middle ear.
Term
middle ear
Definition
also called tympanic cavity: small, air-filled cavity within the temporal bone
Term
auditory tube
Definition
runs obliquely downward to link the middle ear with the throat
Term
otitis media
Definition
inflammation of the middle ear, resulting from a soar throat. the eardrum bulges or becomes inflamed while large amounts of fluid or pus accumulate inside the cavity
Term
myringotomy
Definition
insertion of a tiny tube into the middle ear to equalize pressure and drain fluids
Term
ossicles
Definition
tiny bones of the ear which transmit vibrations from eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear
Term
3 bones of the ear
Definition
hammer (malleus), the anvil (incus), and the sterrup (stapes)
Term
Inner (internal) Ear
Definition
a maze of bony chambers called osseous labyrinth, deep within the temporal bone
Term
three parts of inner ear
Definition
vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals
Term
perilymph
Definition
plasmalike fluid filling the inner ear
Term
membrain labyrinth
Definition
a system of sacs following the shape of the bony labyrinth
Term
endolymph
Definition
a thicker fluid found inside the membranous labyrinth
Term
organ of Corti
Definition
contains the hearing receptors (hair cells) found within the basilar membrane of the cochlea
Term
tectorial membrane
Definition
lies over "hairs" in inner ear, tweaking or bending them when stimlated
Term
cochlear nerve
Definition
recieves impulse after reception by hair cell
Term
vestibular apparatus
Definition
has two parts: 1 monitors static equilibrium and another involved with dynamic equilibrium
Term
static equalibrium
Definition
uses maculae to figure the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is at rest.
Term
maculae
Definition
a patch of receptors in the otolithic membrane
Term
otoliths
Definition
tiny stones made up of calcium salts. found in the otolithic membrane
Term
vestibular nerve
Definition
transmits information from hairs in the otolithic membrane to the cerebellum, informing of position of head in space
Term
dynamic equilibrium
Definition
found in the semicircular canals, respond to angular/rotatory movements of the head.
Term
crista ampullaris
Definition
tuft of hair cells within each membranous semicircular canal (acts as a recptor region)
Term
cupula
Definition

gelatinous cap covering each crista ampullaris

 

(moves in opposite direction of endolymph)

Term
two types of deafness
Definition
sensoneural or conduction
Term
conduction deafness
Definition

when something interferes with the conduction of sound vibrations

 

 

(otosclerosis, earwax buildup, ruptured eardrum, etc)

Term
otosclerosis
Definition
fusion of the ossicles
Term
sensorineural deafness
Definition

occurs when there is degeneration or damage to the receptor cells in the organ of corti, to the cochlear nerve, to the auditory cortex.

 

(caused by excessively loud sounds)

Term
chemoreeptors
Definition
the receptors for taste and olfaction
Term
olfactory recptor cells
Definition
neurons equipped with olfactory hairs, long cilia protruding from nasal epithelium, bathed in mucus secreted by underlying glands.
Term
anosmias
Definition
ofactory disorders mostly resulting from head injuries, or nasal cavity inflamation.
Term
olfactory auras
Definition
(olfactory hallucinations) the mimiced smell brought on by a brain disorder. some epileptics experienc these before going into seizures
Term
papillae
Definition
small, peglike projections on the dorsal tongue surface.
Term
3 types of papillae
Definition
filiform, fungiform, and circumvallate
Term
taste buds
Definition
found on the sides of circumvallate papillae, and  on more numerous fungiform.
Term
gustatory cells
Definition
epithelial cells that respond to chemicals dissolved in the saliva, surrounded by supporting cells in the taste bud
Term
4 types of taste buds
Definition
sweet receptors, sour receptors, bitter receptors and salty receptors
Term
presbyopia
Definition
farsightedness associated with aging.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!