Term
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Definition
| ACE inhibitors, cyclophosphamide, ethanol, heroin, isotretinoin, mycofenolate mofetil, tetracycline, thalidomide and warfarin |
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Term
| iPLEDGE program is used for |
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Definition
Isotretinoin (accutane)
Category X teratogen |
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Term
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Definition
| A: Controlled studies in women fail to demonstrate risk to fetus in first trimester (and there is no known risk later in pregnancy), and the possibility of fetal harm appears remote. |
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Term
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Definition
| Either animal reproductive studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk, but there are no controlled studies in pregnant women, or the animal studies show an adverse effect (other than decreased fertility) that was not confirmed in controlled studies in women in the first trimester (no risk in later trimesters) |
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Term
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Definition
Either studies in animals have revealed effects on the fetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women, or studies in women and animals are not available.
Drugs should be given only if potential benefit justifies the risk to the fetus. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefits from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk (if the drug is needed in a life-threatening situation or for a serious disease for which safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective). |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies in animals and humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities or there is evidence of fetal risk based on human experience or both, and the risk of the use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweighs any possible benefit. The drug is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant. |
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Term
| Physiological differences in infants |
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Definition
Increased or decreased bioavailability (gastric emptying, secretion of acids and peristalsis are slower at time of birth)
Differences in distribution related to higher body water content.
Slower elimination of drugs due to lower levels of CYP450
Lower GFR-->Lower renal clearance
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Term
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Definition
| NSAID that inhibits PG synthesis and is used to close hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to maintain patency of ductus arteriosus in infants with congenital heart defects. |
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Term
| Drugs that are excreted in breast milk and their side effects. |
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Definition
Chloral hydrate: drowsiness
Chloramphenicol:BM suppression
Diazepam: sedation and long half life
Heroin: neonatal dependance
Codeine: may be toxic to kid if mother is a fast metabolizer of codeine-->morphine. Killed a kid. |
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Term
| Pharmacokinetic differences in elderly |
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Definition
Increased half life due to decreased GFR (in 2/3 of individuals over 75)
Decreased hepatic metabolism: Phase I decreased more than Phase II
Altered distribution due to decreased total body water and increased body fat. |
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Term
| Pharmacodynamic changes in elderly |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat alzheimer's by increasing choline levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| NMDA receptor antagonist used to treat alzheimer's by decreasing NMDA receptor stimulation and the the release of glutamate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monoclonal antibody fragment that binds VEGF. Used to treat macular degeneration. |
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Term
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Definition
| pegylated oligonucleotide that binds VEGF to treat macular degeneration |
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