Term
| pavement, curbs, gutters, shoulders, walks, landscaping, border strips, lighting, signs, traffic signals, utilities |
|
Definition
| Road design includes elements such as: |
|
|
Term
1. concrete
2. asphalt concrete
3. gravel
4. decomposed granite
5. stabilized soil
6. graded and compacted earth shaped for drainage |
|
Definition
| Depending on traffic intensities, the materials used for paving and roads include (in order of preference): |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the high point at the center of the road? |
|
|
Term
| This typically slopes at a rate of 1/8 to 1/2 inch per foot depending on the finish surface to provide positive drainage |
|
Definition
| What is the slope from the crown to the sides of the road? |
|
|
Term
6" curbs and gutters are typically used for roads with heavier traffic
4" curbs or "roll curbs" are typically used for residential streets or simple gravel shoulders flanked by narrow drainage devices |
|
Definition
| When is a 6" and 4" curb appropriate? |
|
|
Term
11 - 12 feet wide
Therefore a two lane highway with 9'0" shoulders on either side is 40 - 42 feet
42=9+9++12+12 |
|
Definition
| For major roads, how wide should the lanes be? |
|
|
Term
Typical parking lanes should be 8' wide.
Angled parking lanes are typically 2-2.5 times that width |
|
Definition
| What is the difference in width between angled and non-angled parking lanes? |
|
|
Term
7' 0" for trees and 4' 0" for simple ground cover
Alternative options include tree wells or raised planters |
|
Definition
| How wide are planting strips in roadways? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Who should you consult when designing roads? |
|
|
Term
Tangents or straight sections which may or may not be level and
horizontal/vertical curves |
|
Definition
| Roads are comprised of what two major components? |
|
|
Term
This should not exceed 400' - 0"
Minimum turn-around is 80' in diameter |
|
Definition
The length of a cup-de-sac should not exceed:
And there must be a minimum turn-around of: |
|
|
Term
| The max depth is 700' - 0" |
|
Definition
| What is the maximum depth of loop streets? |
|
|
Term
| Max block length is 1600' |
|
Definition
| What is the maximum block length? |
|
|
Term
| Minimum 50' at major roads and 12' at minor roads |
|
Definition
| What is the minimum radii at major and minor road intersections? |
|
|
Term
Stop signs
traffic signals
turning lanes
islands
medians
grade seperations |
|
Definition
| What are types of control devices? |
|
|
Term
| When the intersection volume exceeds 750 cars per hour |
|
Definition
| When are traffic signals required? |
|
|
Term
| They are needed once traffic volume exceeds 3,000 cars per hour and this is the most expensive type of control and the most space consuming |
|
Definition
| When are grade separations needed? |
|
|
Term
Broken-back curves
These should be separated by a tangent |
|
Definition
| Two curves in the same direction is called: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broken back curves should be separated by a tangent no less than _____ feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two curves in the opposite direction is called: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reverse curves should be separated by a tangent of no less than ______ feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two curves in the same direction with different radii (degree of turn) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is where a circular arc connects two tangents at either end (of the arc) which can have any size tangent |
|
|
Term
Cloverleaf
This is a system based on a series of or right turns |
|
Definition
| The most common type of grade separation is: |
|
|
Term
Direct left turn interchange
This configuration is more complex and expensive than a cloverleaf but allows for more high speed lanes and transitions |
|
Definition
| This type of interchange is used where two freeways intersect |
|
|
Term
The important characteristics are ramp grades
Up-ramp slopes are usually 3 and 6 percent
Down ramps are 8 percent |
|
Definition
| What are the important characteristics of diamond intersections? |
|
|
Term
Diamond intersections
These are economical and use little space. |
|
Definition
| This type of interchange is used where freeways intersect secondary roads |
|
|
Term
| A distributor drive or cartridge drive |
|
Definition
| This is needed to handle the inordinate number of vehicles when the amount of parking exceeds 400-500 cars |
|
|
Term
| 200 feet from the entrance |
|
Definition
| Handicapped parking shall be what distance from the entrance to a building |
|
|
Term
| the stall width can be reduced to 8' since car doors are clear of the next car |
|
Definition
| For parking angles less than 40 degrees, what is the stall width |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the length for parking stalls? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the minimum drivable width for a one-way drive-way? |
|
|
Term
Minimum standards can be reduced to an 8' by 18' stall with a 20' drive isle for 90 degree parking
This is a result of attendant familiarity with the site |
|
Definition
| How do the minimum parking stall standard change when valet or attendant parking is used? |
|
|
Term
400 square feet of parking area per vehicle
Ex: for shopping centers; 3000 - 4000 sf of parking for every 1000 sf of tenant |
|
Definition
| How much square footage should be allowed for per vehicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| For structured parking, ramps should not exceed: |
|
|
Term
A transition of 8 feet on the top and bottom of the ramp is required
Ex: for a 10% ramp, 2 sections of 5% at 8' long on top and bottom would be required |
|
Definition
| What is required for slopes 10% or higher? |
|
|
Term
| transition section no more than 5% so as not to obstruct the driver's view of pedestrians on the sidewalk ahead |
|
Definition
| A ramped driveway exit rising up to a public sidewalk must have a: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the slope for proper drainage? |
|
|
Term
| Generally one-half to one foot-candle |
|
Definition
| What is the foot-candle required for parking areas? |
|
|
Term
3 sf
This is based on a should breadth (width) of 24" and a body depth of 18" (adult male)
With this, movement is extremely difficult and body contact may occur
At 7SF or less, pedestrians move in groups rather than individually |
|
Definition
| The area covered by a person is: |
|
|
Term
13 sf
less area tends to impede movement |
|
Definition
| What is the square footage required to move in a crowd without being touched? |
|
|
Term
5' minimum width
Collector walkways (handling larger numbers of people) should be no less that 6'10" wide |
|
Definition
| Minimum width of of sidewalks? |
|
|
Term
Safety
Security
Convenience
Continuity
Comfort
Attractiveness |
|
Definition
| What are the primary objectives of good pedestrian circulation design? |
|
|
Term
| A population density of 30 persons per acre is required as a minimum |
|
Definition
| What population is required for a collective transit system |
|
|
Term
Walking speeds vary from 2.5 to 4.5 miles an hour
And the max distance most will walk to a destination is 1/4 to 1/2 a mile |
|
Definition
| What is the walking speed and distance? |
|
|
Term
local bus: medium density areas
express bus: between medium density areas and at specially planned and convenient stops/terminals between high density areas
Rail rapid transit: between medium density areas, high density areas and for short trips within high density areas |
|
Definition
For what density areas do you use a:
local bus
express bus
rail rapid transit |
|
|
Term
local bus: average of 15 to 30 miles an hour (people are willing to spend up to 1/2 hour for most urban travel)
express bus: travel at an average of 40 - 60 miles per hour
rail rapid transit: usually travel between 40 - 70 miles per hour |
|
Definition
What are the average speeds for:
local bus
express bus
rail rapid transit |
|
|
Term
Monorail
This is a truly useful rail rapid transit system should be capable of being above, below or at ground level and thus fully adaptable to the area it serves |
|
Definition
| This is a one-rail system but most in fact have several rails. These have disadvantages of only being above ground which may not be possible in central city areas |
|
|
Term
| 3 feet wide with flared sides that slope a max of 1:10 |
|
Definition
| Where an accessible walk crosses a cube, the width of the walk should be how wide |
|
|
Term
water
gas
electricity
communication systems
wastewater systems
drainage systems
flood control
others to consider: trash collection, fire protection, mail distribution, snow removal, public transit, provisions for public health and safety |
|
Definition
| Services and utilities include: |
|
|
Term
water distribution
water treatment
water collection
storage
control of storm water
and protection against flooding |
|
Definition
| Publically run utilities include: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Privately run utilities include: |
|
|
Term
electricity
gas
transportation services (depending on the community) |
|
Definition
| Public/ private services include: |
|
|
Term
| They operate under franchise and are regulated by a government agency such as the state utility commission |
|
Definition
| How do private companies operate? |
|
|
Term
| the area beneath the public right-of-way (roads) |
|
Definition
| What is the most logical and efficient location for services to a building? |
|
|
Term
| Planning for underground utilities is the responsibility of the local government, which has jurisdiction over the streets. All utility requirements for the next 5 years should be installed before the street is repaired (paved). This should include the connections to property lines under the street curbs |
|
Definition
| How are underground utilities planned? |
|
|
Term
1. Wastewater lines should have first priority because of their
gravity requirement.
2. Locate Trunk lines (mains) in side streets rather than on a busy/major artery if possible. Negates major road closures.
3. Trunk lines for several utilities should not all be located in the
same street so if one is effected, not all are disabled at ones.
4. Wastewater lines should be located in the center of the right of way unless width allows for two wastewater lines on either side. |
|
Definition
| When planning for underground utilities, the following should be considered: |
|
|
Term
| They are based on population projections. |
|
Definition
| Future demands in urban areas are based on: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stats indicate that an average of _______ gallons/person/day is required in some
areas. |
|
|
Term
the amount and type of industry,
climate, open space and cost. |
|
Definition
| Factors that can influence the future demand for utilities are: |
|
|
Term
| components include: those that procure, treat, and distribute water to users. |
|
Definition
| A water supply system’s components include: |
|
|
Term
1. A source; this includes: lakes, rivers, streams, wells and coastal
desalination projects.
2. Transmission mains: aqueducts, canals, and pipelines which transmit raw water to treatment plants or to the distribution system of untreated water.
3. Water treatment plants
4. Distribution systems: these convey treated water to the users’properties; the systems may include reservoirs and pumping
stations.
5. Metered connections: between the distribution system and the
user’s properties. |
|
Definition
| Name the 5 water supply system's components: |
|
|
Term
1. the street plan
2. urban density
3. the topography |
|
Definition
| The type of utility distribution system used is determined by: |
|
|
Term
i. a branch pattern or
ii. Gridiron Patterns; can be improved by installing a “loop header”. This
ensures that supply will come from more than one direction. If one
were to be compromised, the other would compensate. |
|
Definition
| Water supply systems are installed in one of two ways: |
|
|
Term
| Dual systems allow for connections on both sides of the street reducing cost of connecting to ones property. |
|
Definition
| What is the difference between a dual and a single main system? |
|
|
Term
i. Cast iron
ii. Wrought iron
iii. Steel
iv. Plastic or
v. reinforced concrete (for larger sizes) |
|
Definition
| Conduits and piping used in distribution system mains may be these materials: |
|
|
Term
i. In residential areas, 6 inches is typical
ii. High Density districts, 8 inches is typical |
|
Definition
When are 6" water mains typical?
When are 8" water mains typical? |
|
|
Term
| Shut-off valves are usually located at the property line. |
|
Definition
| Where are shut off valves located? |
|
|
Term
Main line valves are at
500’ intervals, if one were to be compromised, only that sections would suffer. |
|
Definition
| Where are main line valves located? |
|
|
Term
| Fire hydrants are located 150’ apart in high density districts and 600’ apart in suburban areas. |
|
Definition
Fire hydrants are located:
______ in high density
______ in suburban areas |
|
|
Term
| Public water supply is usually not available where the population is less than 1000 persons per square mile. |
|
Definition
| When is public water supply not available? |
|
|
Term
i. population
projections,
ii. industrial growth
iii. topography
iv. soil conditions
v. rainfall
vi. water quality
vii. water reclamation |
|
Definition
| The design of wastewater systems involves: |
|
|
Term
the size of the lines and the capacity of the flow
A velocity of 2.5 feet per second to convey solid waste materials is required. This should never exceed 10 feet per second. |
|
Definition
| Wastewater lines are maintained at a constant slope depending on: |
|
|
Term
A 2% grade/slope is required to transport solids. If topographic conditions
require, pump/ “drop manholes”/ lift stations are used to convey the material. |
|
Definition
| What grade/slope is required to transport solids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When pump/lift stations are used over a long distance, this is considered a
______ |
|
|
Term
i. Vitrified clay
ii. Cast iron
iii. Plastic
iv. Light-weight fiberglass reinforced mortar plastic |
|
Definition
| Materials used for wastewater mains include: |
|
|
Term
| Sections can be up to 4’ wide in (diameter) and 20 feet long |
|
Definition
| Sections of the wastewater main can be broken into pieces of the following size: |
|
|
Term
| Laterals -> sub mains -> Trunk lines -> Treatment plant -> Outfall (release) |
|
Definition
| Wastewater sequential order from smallest to biggest are: |
|
|
Term
Electrical power is generated primarily by turbines powered by steam produced by burning coal, oil, or gas or sometimes by water power. Some power plants utilize nuclear reactors to produce the heat to transform water to steam. These are usually away from population centers.
Small plants that use diesel-driven generators are commonly found in small
communities. Hydroelectric plants are located near water
• Substations are located so as to form “service areas”. These can be located underground, in buildings, or enclosures screened by walls, fences, or landscape. |
|
Definition
| How is electrical power generated? |
|
|
Term
Telephone trunk lines are generally placed in underground conduits in street right-of-ways. Local lines may be located on poles, generally shared with power lines. Wires from alarm or call boxes are generally placed in underground conduits.
Fire and police alarm systems are closely related to telephone systems. |
|
Definition
| Where are telephone lines located? |
|
|
Term
Gas utility systems are located within the right-of-way (road) under the sidewalk area on both sides of the street, or in alley, or rear lot easements.
Regulating stations are located in various parts of the community.
In residential areas, they are often located in underground vaults.
These are then distributed in the same ways aws water systems |
|
Definition
| Where are gas lines located? |
|
|
Term
The primary pipe is welded steel; some incorporate cast iron since these were
the first to be used by the gas industry. Because the steel pipe is buried, corrosion can occur, to alleviate this problem asphalt, coal, tar, and extruded and taped plastic compounds are used to control corrosion. |
|
Definition
| What materials are gas pipes made out of? |
|
|
Term
i. Valves
ii. Pressure regulating systems
iii. Flow meters
iv. Compressor stations |
|
Definition
| Additional equipment needed for gas systems are: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drainage pipes larger than 42" are made of: |
|
|
Term
| Most areas have a basic wind speed of 70 - 80 mph. This equates to a pressure of 13 -17 pounds per square foot at a height of 30 feet. According to the UBC tables. |
|
Definition
Most areas have a basic wind speed of:
this equates to a pressure of: |
|
|
Term
Wind loads increase with height, while at ground level, wind loads decrease to almost zero.
The shape and orientation of a structure also affect wind load pressures. |
|
Definition
| What affect does height have on wind loads? |
|
|
Term
in pounds per square foot (PSF), and varies as the square of the
wind velocity in miles per hour (MPH).
Ex. A wind velocity of 70 MPH causes a wind pressure of about 13 PSF. If the wind velocity doubles, the wind pressure increases fourfold to about 50 PSF. |
|
Definition
| Wind pressure is expressed in: |
|
|
Term
| Glass has a heat loss factor of up to 20 times greater than an insulated wall. |
|
Definition
| Glass has a heat loss factor of: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is the distance between the water surface and the crest of the banks. This should be where the highest expected water level will be. This should also be high enough to resist the highest wave action |
|
|
Term
+Span distance ( the shorter the span the better, where the
water body is the narrowest)
+Where the banks are stable to receive structure
+As the highest expected flood
level
+If the highest area is not
feasible, the structure should be designed to resist “dynamic
action “of floodwaters.
+In areas of long spans and
additional piers in the water will be necessary, such piers should be oriented with their long
dimension parallel to the flow
of water. |
|
Definition
| When establishing a crossing over a body of water, location should be determined by: |
|
|
Term
| An open manmade channel is also a stream, usually lined with concrete. Such channels are most efficient when straight, without curves or bends, and with a constant width and depth |
|
Definition
| Characteristics of a stream: |
|
|
Term
floodplain
The level of
flooding is measured in the extent and frequency that a particular area floodsFor example, a 10‐year storm suggests that level of storm water is likely to occur every 10 years, or 10% chance in any given year. Note: 100‐year‐storm= 0% |
|
Definition
| The relatively flat land within which a stream flows is called a: |
|
|
Term
•Thus, floodplains should be limited to open space uses, such as recreation and agriculture. If the area should be developed, establish the most logical magnitude floodplain (ex. 10‐20‐
30‐100 year floodplain) and set the floor elevation above that level.
• Low density housing is often permitted, providing the occupants are aware of the potential hazard and the structures are elevated above flood level. |
|
Definition
| Rules on housing in floodplains: |
|
|
Term
+Water table is high near the surface
+drainage is generally poor
+ The soils is usually deep and uniform. Heaving, expansion, and contraction happens regularly in these areas because of the presence of moisture making it unsatisfactory for building foundations but excellent for agriculture. The rivers in floodplains are usually meandering
+A conventional solution for this circumstance is manmade concrete channels or canals like south Florida and Los Angeles |
|
Definition
| Floodplain characteristics: |
|
|
Term
Groundwater table
This is usually a sloping surface
which fluctuates seasonally
and roughly follows the ground surface |
|
Definition
| This is the transition between the zone of aeration and the saturated zone. it is more of a distinct line rather than a zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the transition between the zone of aeration and the saturated zone. it is more of a zone than a distinct line |
|
|
Term
"Underground rivers"
Sand, gravel, sandstone and some limestone's are generally good aquifers. Clay, shale and metamorphic or igneous rock are poor aquifers |
|
Definition
| An aquifer is also known as a: |
|
|
Term
| the bearing capacity of the soil upon which it sits |
|
Definition
| The stability of a building depends on: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bearing capacity of the soil depends on: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of granular rock particles ranging in size from ¼ inch to 3 ½ inches. Anything larger is a
cobblestone and if still larger, a boulder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of loose granular rock particles ranging in size from
002 inch to ¼ inch. Sand and gravel are course grained soils that provide an excellent base for building foundations as well as drainage capabilities. Very permeable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a fine grained sedimentary material deposited from running water |
|
|
Term
Auger Borings
The auger usually stops at the first obstruction. this method is most effective in sand or clay and cannot exceed 50 feet |
|
Definition
| These borings are designed to bring up soil samples by means of an ordinary 2-2 1/2 auger fastened to a long pipe or rod. |
|
|
Term
Wash Borings
The material washed up is often thoroughly mixed, reducing the dependability of the sample. Another drawback is that boulders can be mistaken for bedrock. This system can penetrate all other materials and can be extended downward 100 feet or more. |
|
Definition
| These types of borings are useful in locating bedrock when the soil in too compact to use an auger. These borings are made with a 2 to 4 inch diameter pipe that is driven into the soil contains a smaller jet pipe through which water is forced. |
|
|
Term
Core borings
core borings are made with a diamond drill that is sufficiently hard to cut through rock |
|
Definition
| These borings are more costly than other methods but are also the most reliable. They can penetrate all materials and reach great depths to bring up complete cores of materials through which they pass. |
|
|
Term
Dry sample borings
soil samples are removed every 5 inches and tested in a laboratory for testing |
|
Definition
| These borings utilize a drive pipe with a special split sampling pipe at the tip instead of a drill. It is driven down approximately five inches, then lifted out, and the contents removed and stored |
|
|
Term
| For large structures, a site plan with the building footprint is used by the structural engineer to indicate the number, size and location of the test borings to be made |
|
Definition
| How do you determine the location and number of test borings? |
|
|
Term
+Specific gravity (to determine void ratio)
+ grain size - granular soils (to estimate permeability, front action, compaction, and shear strength
+Grain shape (to estimate shear strength)
+liquid and plastic limits - cohesive soils (to obtain compressibility and compaction values)
+void ratio (to determine compressibility)
+unconfined compression (in cohesive soils) to estimate shear strength |
|
Definition
| Properties for which soil may be tested include: |
|
|
Term
+ inadequate bearing capacity
+subsurface water
+shrinkage
+slippage
+In some parts of the country - unpredictable earth movement due to seismic forces |
|
Definition
| Common soil problems may consist of: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is a preformed sheet of metal which unifies the floor slab with the exterior wall thus creating a water tight seal preventing any water from entering the structure |
|
|
Term
| Slabs on grade not subject to hydrostatic pressure are often placed over a gravel fill several inches thick to prevent water from being drawn into the slab via capillary action |
|
Definition
| What is used to keep water from being drawn into the floor slab? |
|
|
Term
Strength
This soil improvement often involves a reduction in void volume |
|
Definition
| The density of soil is a rough measure of its______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minimum slope for surface drainage (sheet flow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proper slope away from a building edge: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drainage ditches should be sloped between: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maximum slope for a grassed area: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maximum slope if soils is stable and surface is protected (ivy, rocks, etc) |
|
|
Term
0.3%
They should be deep enough to avoid damage by surface elements such as vehicles or freezing |
|
Definition
| Underground conduits need a minimum slope of: |
|
|
Term
clay tile
plastic (PVC)
sloped like storm drains |
|
Definition
| Drainage lines are made of: |
|
|
Term
+Level grades - (slopes under 4 percent): relatively flat and supports any construction or activity
+Easy grade - (slopes between 4 and 10 percent): suitable for construction, supports most activities, and are moderate and require considerable effort to climb or descent
+Steep grades - (slopes 10 percent or more) very difficult for construction, needs complicated/unique foundations, very expensive, utility connections may be complicated, and may be unsuitable or suitable for limited activity only |
|
Definition
| Ground surface slopes are generally classified as: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Standard slopes: max desirable slope for grassy recreational area |
|
|
Term
| 4% = 4' - 0" for ever 100' of horizontal distance |
|
Definition
| Standard slopes: walks adjacent to buildings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Standard slopes: parking areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Standard slopes: streets used by vehicles should not exceed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unpaved slopes less than ____ does not drain well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roads should not exceed a _____ percent slope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a _____ slope approached the mil it a vehicle can climb for a sustained period |
|
|
Term
| These should not exceed a slop of 1.5 percent to 1 percent vertical or 66 percent |
|
Definition
| During excavation, permanently cut slopes should not exceed: |
|
|
Term
| No steeper than 2 to 1 unless substantiated by soil tests or geotechnical data |
|
Definition
| Permanently filled slopes should be no steeper than: |
|
|
Term
| A cubic yard of earth weighs more than a ton therefore unstable soil situations must be avoided |
|
Definition
| A cubic yard of earth weights: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When soil near the surface has sufficient bearing capacity, the most economical foundation to use would be: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is a square or rectangular pad of concrete that spreads the column load over a sufficiently large area so the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This foundation is a continuous spread footing that serves the same purpose as a column footing only this time under a wall |
|
|
Term
| combined footing or cantilevered footing |
|
Definition
| This foundation is a column footing when it is adjacent to a property line. Since the property line prohibits the footing from being its actual size, it is combined with the nearest interior column to compensate for the lack of area intended for bearing capacity |
|
|
Term
| mat footing or raft footing |
|
Definition
| This foundation is essentially one large footing upon which the building rests and spreads the load over the entire building area. used in areas of poor soil or low bearing capacity when piles are too costly. Spread footings are usually ruled out by this point. |
|
|
Term
boat footing
In theory: "the soil would behave as if the building was never there, in a sense, there are no additional loads for settlement to occur". "One cubic yard of soil weights more than a ton" |
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Definition
| this foundation is similar to a mat footing in concept but its function is different, its depth and load from the building above would equal the amoung of excavation removed form the site thus making the soil less susceptible to settlement |
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Term
shallow spread footing
column footing
wall footing
combined footing or cantilevered footing
mat footing or raft footing
boat footing |
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Definition
| Types of shallow foundations: |
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Term
Piles
Piles are often driven into the ground by: steam, air, diesel gammer that drop from four feet, they can also be jetted into place with high pressure water jets (this method is usually avoided bc of the danger of over excavating) |
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Definition
| These types of foundations are used when surface soils have insufficient bearing capacity to support spread footing. They are driven into the ground until bedrock is reached to provide for a firm base upon which to transmit loads |
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Term
skin friction
end bearing, under the pile ti (where the soil is supported by rock or firm subsoil) |
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Definition
| A pile may transmit loads to the underlying soil by: |
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Term
the magnitude of load and presence of moisture bc of the potential for deterioration
Concrete piles are the most suitable material under all conditions - especially where permanence is a factor |
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Definition
| The choice of pile materials depends on: |
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Term
pile-driving formulas
static pile formulas
pile load tests-these are the most dependable |
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Definition
| pile bearing capacity can be determined by: |
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Term
drilled pile: if the load is transmitted by friction, it is this kind
drilled caisson: if the load is transmitted by end bearing, it is this kind (in this type, the bottom is enlarged or belled) |
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Definition
| What are the two types of drilled shaft piles: |
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Term
caissons and cofferdams
They provide methods of construction foundations below water level, and may be formed from: timber, steel (sheet piling), and concrete |
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Definition
| These are the box-like structures that are used when very wet or soft soils are encountered |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a temporary wall made to retain soil around excavation and made of wood, steel, and/or precast concrete |
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Term
slurry wall
Process: excavate trench, add slurry, lower reinforcing steel into the slurry, concrete is pumped into the bottom of the trench, slurry is removed as concrete rises and recycled for later use on another job |
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Definition
| This is a type of sheeting in which a narrow trench is filled with a slurry, or soapy mixture of bentonite clay and water which resists the pressure of the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| This is used to brace the sheeting to resist the soil pressure |
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Term
| needle beams and pipe cylinders with hydraulic jacks |
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Definition
| Underpinning can be done in two methods: |
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Term
+asphalt is one of many bituminous products tat come from asphaltic petroleum
+it can be applied in a hot or cold state. this is usually a sub-base of course crushed stone or gravel covered by a base of finer aggregate. the finer aggregate fills the voids in the course stone
+these layers are rolled and tamped followed by the application of 2 to 3 inches |
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Definition
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Term
applied in hot state
has a base of crushed stone
gravel
slag compacted to a smooth surface
asphalt/emulsion are then sprayed on top in controlled quantities
fine aggregate is then added and rolled to fill voids in crushed stone |
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Definition
| asphalt macadam characteristics: |
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Term
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Definition
| These are multi-use districts allow residences to be built in commercial zones and residential and commercial uses to be built in industrial zones, not in the case with 1920 standards |
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Term
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Definition
| The volume within which a building may be placed is sometimes referred to as the: |
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Term
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Definition
| This is an agreement between a develop and local government to restrict usage or height or to provide additional setbacks or buffers, over and above what is required by the ordinance, in return for certain benefits (ex: addition restriction sin addition in return for being granted a conditional use) |
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Term
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Definition
| A depression in a curb that provides vehicular access from a street to a driveway |
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Term
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Definition
| a circulation layout in which cars are unable to circulate in a continuous one-way flow from the entrance to the exit of a parking area |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of degrees that mean temperature for any day at a particular location is below 65 degree F |
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Term
disposal field
This is also called drainage field or absorption field |
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Definition
| a system of trenches with gravel and loose pipes through which septic tank effluent may seep into the surrounding soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| The path down which water flows |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a shading technique used to depict ground form |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of solar radiation on a given plane |
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Term
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Definition
| The junction of a freeway with entering or exiting traffic |
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Term
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Definition
| This is determining an unknown value between known values |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a minor street that comes off a major street, runs for a short distance, and then returns to the major street |
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Term
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Definition
| A method for computing storm water runoff |
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Term
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Definition
| This is accumulated solids that settle out of the sewage, forming a semi-liquid mass on the bottom of a septic tank |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the sinking of the land |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a road that doubles back on itself with a hairpin curve |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which water vapor escapes into the atmosphere from plants |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a structure or plant which, because of its form and location, reduces wind velocities |
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Term
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Definition
| The area near the bottom of the leeward side of a hill, where the wind velocity decreases to almost zero |
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Term
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Definition
| The zone below the ground in which the spaces between soil grains contain both water and air |
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Term
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Definition
| the zone below the ground in which all of the spaces between soil grains are filled completely with water |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of foundation/footing: most economical. Delivers load directly to soil. Area of footing = load/safe bearing capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of foundation/footing: Very expensive. Typically it's only used when the strata is weak. It acts as continuous footing |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of foundation/footing: Holes are drilled to firm strata and concrete poured. Basically really really deep spread footing |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of foundation/footing: The hole is drilled deep into the strata. Bearing capacity comes from end bearing and frictional forces |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of foundation/footing: 2-3x cost of spread footings. Driven u til tip meets firm resistance from strata |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of foundation/footing: Driven into softer ground. Friction transmits Load between pile and soil. Bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker: the strength of the pile or the soil |
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Term
Create healthy indoor environments
Conserve water
Use environmentally preferable building materials
Make changes based on wisdom and user feedback |
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Definition
| Main principals behind 2030 challenge |
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Term
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Definition
| Horizontal boards 2-4" thick placed between soldier beams to hold soil in place during excavation |
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Term
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Definition
| The passage of moisture into/through a material or construction in the form of water vapor due to a difference in vapor pressure in the two faces |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when water wicks into the cracks and pores of a porous building materials such as masonry blocks, concrete, or wood. These tiny cracks and pores can absorb water in any direction: even upward |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of the illuminate at a point on a given plane due to the light received directly or indirectly from a skyped assumed luminance to the illuminace on a horizontal plane due to the unobstructed hemisphere of the sky |
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Term
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Definition
| The SI unit of luminant flux, a measure of the total amount of visible light emitted by a source |
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Term
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Definition
| A photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light traveling in a given direction |
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Term
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Definition
| The illuminance cast on a surface by a one-candela source one foot away |
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Term
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Definition
| Brightening of the night sky that inhibits the observation of Stars and planets caused by street lights and other man made structures |
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Term
Dampproofing is the resistance to humidity and dampness
Water resistant stops flowing water but does not stop capillary or hydrostatic pressure
Waterproof stops all water: capillary in hydrostatic |
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Definition
| What is the difference between dampproofing water resistant and waterproof? |
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