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| the ability to form and defend your own judgments rather than blindly accepting or instantly rejecting what you hear or read |
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| Statements that can be verified by someone other than the speaker |
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| Subjective judgments based on experience or expertise, not capable of being verified by someone else. |
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| the process of identifying your goals and then determining how best to achieve them |
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| Interaction that builds connections between people that helps them to understand each other and to recognize common interests |
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| Responses from the audience to the speaker, often in the form of nonverbal cues |
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| Open to or accessible b others; affects others |
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| A space (imagined, rather than physical) in which citizens gather to discuss issues affecting them; discussing characterized by certain assumptions about the need for cooperative action and subjective judgment to resolve a problem |
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| the particular context in which a speech takes place |
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| the study of how messages affect people |
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| a situation in which people's understanding can be changed through messages |
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| formation of common bonds between the speaker and the audience |
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| speaking that focuses on the present and is usually concerned with praise |
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| speaking that focuses on the future and is usually concerned with what should be done |
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| the place and even where the speech is given |
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| speaking that focuses on the past and is usually concerned with justice |
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| a problem that cannot be avoided but that can be solved, or at least managed, through the development of an appropriate message |
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| providing listeners with new information or ideas |
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| influencing listeners' attitude and behavior |
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| stimulating a sense of community through the celebration of common bonds among speaker and listeners |
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| a plan of action to achieve stated goals |
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| the generation of materials for a speech |
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| the structuring of materials within the maid ideas, the organization of main ideas within the body of the speech, and the overall structure of introduction, body and conclusion. |
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| the distinctive character that may make a speech recognizable or memorable |
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| the presentation of the speech to an audience |
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| mental recall of the key ideas and the basic structure of the speech |
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| extemporaneous presentation |
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| a mode of delivery in which the speech is planned and structure carefully but a specific text is not written in advance nor memorized |
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| a mode of delivery in which the speaker reads aloud the prepared text of the speech |
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| to imagine that one's own views are typical of everyone else's |
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| using another persons' words as if they were your own |
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| scheme of balance; involves the similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases or clauses. equivalent things, used for emphases |
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| scheme of balance; when the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure but also in length |
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| juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure. The contrast may be in words or in ideas or both |
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| the selection of ideas and materials and their arrangement into a discernible and effective pattern |
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| claims that address the issues in the thesis statements the primary divisions of the speech. |
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| each main idea should be separate from the others |
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| structure in which phrases are of similar syntax and length |
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| clear relationships among ideas and topics so that the speech appears to hang together as a natural whole |
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| cannot stand on its own but requires that some other claim or statement be true |
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| logically independent idea |
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| does not require the truth of any other claim or statement as a condition for its own truth |
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| a tendency for what is presented first to be remembered best |
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| a tendency for what is presented last to be the best remembered |
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| ideas that are components of or support for the main ideas in the speech |
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| the beginning of the speech, which affects listeners' first impressions of the speaker and prepares them for the speech |
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| division of the body of the speech among selected categories for discussion |
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| a question for which no answer is expected but which encourages listeners to think |
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| an extended illustration or example that is cast in narrative form |
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| the closing of the speech, which draws together what the speaker has said and indicates what the audience should believe or do in response to the speech |
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| a condensed restatement of the principal ideas just discussed |
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| a connection or bridge between the main elements of the speech and between the main ideas within the body of the speech |
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| a summary within the body of the speech, drawing together one of the main ideas |
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| a preview within the body of the speech, leading into one of the main ideas |
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| using verbal cues to indicate an audience where you are in the structure of the speech |
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| the process of looking for an discovering supporting materials for the speech |
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| exploration of a speech topic to determine which subordinate topics must be covered |
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| the beliefs and values that members of a society or culture generally share |
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| the assumption that a statement or claim is true until shown otherwise |
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| primary source that can establish a claim directly, without opinion or speculation |
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| numbers recording the extent of something or the frequency with which it occurs |
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| information or an opinion expressed by someone other than the speaker |
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| a question with a finite number of choices from which the respondent must pick |
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| a question that does not restrict the range of possible responses |
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| a question that explores the implications of a previous response |
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| a file of clippings, quotations, ideas and other gleanings on a variety of subjects that may be used as supporting materials |
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| a display of the organizational pattern of the speech |
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| a detailed outline, usually written in complete sentences, used to develop a clear organizational structure during preparation of the speech |
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| presentation (speaking) outline |
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| a brief outline, usually containing only key words, used as a memory aid during delivery |
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| designating the supporting materials for a main idea with the subordinate symbol an indentation system in an outline |
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| designating all ideas that are on the same level of importance with the same symbol series and level of indentation in an outline |
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| fittingness or appropriateness to the occasion |
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| concerned with establishing justice |
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| speaking in a decision-making assembly; concerned with matters of expediency; addresses the question "what shall we do?" |
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| a group presentation in which a subject is organized topically and each speaker addresses a limited portion of the subject |
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| the tendency for groups to approve more extreme solutions than would an individual because no on is personally responsible for the group's decision |
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| the presiding officer of a meeting |
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| rules for the conduct of public meetings |
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| statement proposing what an assembly should do |
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| a question that presupposes a value judgment adverse to the speaker |
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| identifying two unacceptable options and assuming that they are the only alternatives |
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| ceremonial; speaking at ceremonial occasions; it reaffirms a community's common bonds and values, strengthening ties between individuals and the group |
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| conscious awareness, salience |
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| articulating the unexpressed feelings of listeners, who then conclude that the speaker's message rings true with them |
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| a speech honoring a person |
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| special form of the testimonial speech, honoring someone who has died |
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| a brief testimonial speech, usually delivered in the presence of the person honored and accompanies by raising a glass in the person's honor |
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| a speech of tribute that both honors and pokes fun at a person |
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| commemorative celebration |
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| a speech of remembrance delivered on the anniversary of an important event |
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| marking the issuance of an award; establish the importance of the award and establish the winner's fitness to receive the award |
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| when one receives an award or a nomination for office |
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| presented near the beginning of a meeting to guide its thematic agenda and to help set its tone |
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| capable of being heard in different ways by different listeners, all of whom find the term or concept positive |
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| a speech that is intended to motivate a group and inspire enthusiasm for a task |
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| a speech presented following a ceremonial meal, usually with a humorous tone but with a serious message |
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| nominates a person for an office or honor |
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| a speech delivered when assuming an office to which one has been elected |
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| imperfection marked by urgency |
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| repitition or medial consonants in two or more adjacent words (provides emphasis) |
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| repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses |
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| arrangement of words, phrases or clauses in order of importance |
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