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SPCM 1100
Key terms for Final Exam in SPCM 1100 Porter
86
Debate/Speech
Undergraduate 2
04/29/2010

Additional Debate/Speech Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

Ageist Language

 

Definition

 

 language that negatively influences the way listeners think about older people

EX: Look ten years younger, over the hill

 

Term

Alliteration

Definition

words with recurring initial sounds

EX: Cost Contribution and Connotation are all words describing things and I am here to talk…..

Term

Ambiguous

Definition

word that identifies more than one object or idea; its meaning depends on the context

Pot= container, sum of money, marijuana

Term

 

Antimetabole

 

Definition

 

saying words in one phrase then reversing them in the next

EX: The absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence. , we do not stop playing because we are old, we grow old because we stop playing.

 

Term

Archetypal Symbols

Definition

recurring metaphors and similes that arise from shared human and natural experiences

Term

Code Switching

Definition

 

changing from one dialect

 

Term

Concrete Words

Definition

specific, rather than general or abstract, terms

Animal vs. White tale Deer

Term

Connotative Meaning

Definition

emotional overtones, related feelings, and associations that cluster around a word

Police officer = has its own meaning

Term

Denotative Meaning

Definition

what a word names or identifies

Dictionary meaning

Term

Dialect

Definition

variant form of a language

British English, American English, Ebonics

Term

Epithets

Definition

words or phrases with powerful negative connotations, used to describe some quality of a person or group

EX: Describing an opposing party as extremists (extremist has negative emotions attached to its actual meaning.

Term

Euphemism

Definition

word or phrase that substitutes an inoffensive term for a potentially offensive, embarrassing, or unpleasant thing

Going number 2, to the ladies room, to the restroom instead of  going to take a shit

Term

 

Hyperbole

 

Definition

 

using exaggeration for effect

 

Term

Inclusive language

Definition

ethical terminology that affirms and includes, rather than excludes, persons or groups of people

EX: talking about a person with a  disability and focusing on the disability so as to alienate them (on accident or on purpose)

Term

Jargon

Definition

 specialized, technical vocabulary that serves the interests and activities of a particular group

EX: football has drive, down, and safety all have unique meaning within this context but those that are not familiar with the terms would not know what was going on

Term

Languages

Definition

verbal codes consisting of symbols that a speech community uses for communication

Much like there are different computer programming codes

Term

Metaphors

Definition

comparison of two dissimilar things without using 'like' or 'as'

Term

Mixed Metaphor

Definition

combining metaphors from two or more sources, starting with one then ending with another

Term

Nonparallel Language

Definition

language that differentiates the 2 sexes/does not treat them equally

EX: Actress (female actor), male nurse (nurse), female judge (judge)

Term

Personification

Definition

giving human characteristics to non human entities

EX: that rock is as stubborn as a hobo

Term

Perspective Taking

Definition

trying to imagine something from another persons point of view

EX: Imagine what it feels like to give a speech in a foreign language to people that have been speaking it their entire lives.

Term

Racist Language

Definition

language that privileges one racial group over another or degrades one group

EX: spick, nigger

Term

Repetition

Definition

saying the same word or phrase at the beginning or at the end of clauses or sentences

EX: We will cherish eahc of their stories, stories of triumph, stories of true American heroes...

Term

Rhymes

Definition

words that end in the same sound

EX: Sex, rex, tex,

Term

Sexist Language

Definition

subtly gives priority to males, their activities, and their interests

Term

Similes

Definition

short comparisons that use the word like or as to compare two items that are alike in one essential detail

EX: white is to snow as metal is to a keg

Term

Standard English

Definition

English dialect that is most commonly used in public speaking and in US institutions

Term

Symbols

Definition

signs that represent or stand for objects and concepts

Donkey and elephant for Republicans and Dems or Hawks for the Atlanta Basketball Team

Term

Vague Words

Definition

imprecise terms that have indefinite boundaries

EX:Hill, mountain, a bit, smidge

Term

Verbiage

Definition

nonessential language

Keep it short and to the point basically

Term

Words

Definition

verbal symbols that stand for or represent ideas

EX: Hello, goodbye, dog, cat, perro

Term

Actuate

Definition

motivate the audience to do something

Term

Apathy

Definition

indifference due to lack of motivation

Term

Attitudes

Definition

complex mental states that involve beliefs, emotions, and actions

Term

Claim

Definition

 an assertion that is disputable or open to challenge

Term

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Definition

humans seek balance/stability and equilibrium; faced with inconsistency they seek psychological balance; this may motivate people to change in order to be consistent/ attain balance

Term

Comparative Advantages Pattern

Definition

show the supremacy of a claim (works best with value) by comparing the advantages of its competition to its own

Term

Criteria Satisfaction Pattern

Definition

good for value or definition speeches, sets forth standards for judgment or for inclusion in a category and then shows how the proposal meets or exceeds these standards or fits into the category

Term

Criteria

Definition

the standards used for making evaluations or judgments

Term

Definition or Classification Claim

Definition

claim determining which category an item belongs in

Term

Direct Method or Statement of Reasons Pattern

Definition

states a claim then presents reasons for its validity

Term

Dissonance

Definition

inconsistency or clash (bad intonation)

Term

Factual Claim

Definition

 an argument about existence, causation, or predictions

i.e. Things that are quantifiable and proven by fact

Term

 

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

 

Definition

 

a call to action (from speaker) in 5 steps: 1. Attention, 2. Need, 3. Satisfaction, 4. Visualization, 5. Action

 

Term

Negative Method Pattern

Definition

 points out the negative aspects of other proposals then shows why the proposed claim is the only viable option

Term

Policy Claim

Definition

 argument for the need or the plan for taking action

Term

Status Quo

Definition

Latin for "the existing state of affairs"

Term

Theory of Reasoned Action

Definition

 link behavioral intentions with attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; assumes we rationally weigh the cost of our actions with the benefits

Term

To Convince

Definition

a persuasive purpose that targets audience beliefs

To try and bring them to your side so you can then get them to take action

Term

Value Claim

Definition

 argument about right or wrong, moral or immoral, beautiful or ugly

Term

Absolute Listening

Definition

strictly listening

Term

Ad Hominem

Definition

an attack on the messenger rather than the message ( attacking the speaker not the speech)

Term

Ad Populum

Definition

appeal to popular opinion

Term

Analogy

Definition

comparison of one item that is less familiar or unknown to another that is concrete and familiar

Term

Argument

Definition

intentional purposeful speaking that involves reason and logic

Term

Assertions

Definition

claims put forth without any supporting evidence

Term

Backing

Definition

reasons given to support the warrant (when a warrant is not broadly understood or accepted)

Term

Causal Reasoning

Definition

linking 2 factors together by showing that if one happens then the other will follow suit as a matter of rule

Term

 

Claim

 

Definition

 debatable point or proposal that you want listeners to accept

Term

Common Ground

Definition

specific areas that both speaker and audience find important

Term

Deductive Reasoning

Definition

 starting with a principle (premise) and applying it to specific case(s)

Term

Demagogue

Definition

a speaker that appeals to an audience through emotions and charisma more so than logically reasoned arguments

Term

Enthymeme

Definition

omitting the syllogism/bulk of the generalization to allow the audience to fill in the blanks

EX: Married? NO he's a catholic bishop

Term

Ethos

Definition

 personal credibility or character traits that make a speaker believable and worthy of the audience's confidence

Term

Evidence, Data, or Grounds

Definition

evidence offered to support a claim

EX: defendants blood in a murder trial

Term

Fallacy

Definition

 failure in logical reasoning that leads to an untrue unsound or misleading argument

Term

False Analogy

Definition

 comparing two things that are too dissimilar to warrant the conclusion

Term

False Dichotomy

Definition

an either or fallacy that ignores other reasonable options

EX: its either us or them, this or that (when there are other options not presented)

Term

Identification or Co- orientation

Definition

 concerns shared among speakers and the audience that help them overcome divisions and bring diverse people together

Term

Inductive Reasoning

Definition

 starting with specific examples then formulating a generalization

Term

Invitational Rhetoric

Definition

 inviting the audience to participate in a discussion. Neither is trying to convince the other just to share ideas and collaborate

Term

Logos

Definition

rational proof/arguments from the words of the speech itself

Term

Motivation

Definition

internal individualized factors that result when we understand how a topic effects us in our lives

Term

Overgeneralization

Definition

a fallacy of induction; generalizing too broadly given the evidence presented

Term

Parallel Case or Literal Analogy

Definition

 comparing likenesses of two similar things; arguing that what happened in a known case will likely happen in a similar case

Ex: how to solve health care so look at other countries similar to that of the USA and see what they did

Term

Pathos

Definition

appeals or reasons directed toward audience emotions

Term

Post Hoc

Definition

 a fallacy of causations; false cause

EX: I pray for you to win the lottery then you win (I had nothing to do with it)

Term

Proof

Definition

a reason to believe

Term

Qualifiers

Definition

words and phrases that limit or narrow the scope of a claim (make more specific)

EX: in males from 7 to 9

Term

Reasoning by Metaphor

Definition

comparing two things that are generally different but share a recognizable similarity

Term

Rebuttal

Definition

arguments that counter or disagree with a claim

Term

Red Herring

Definition

introducing a side issue to draw attention away from the main issue at hand

Term

Re-sourcement

Definition

creatively framing a divisive issue or viewpoint in a different way that may be less threatening

Term

Reversibility of Perspective

Definition

an attempt to think from another's perspective as well as your own

Term

Unsupported Assertions

Definition

 a claim presented without evidence

Term

Warrant

Definition

justification or reasoning one uses to  connect the claim and the evidence

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