Ageist Language

 language that negatively influences the way listeners think about older people

EX: Look ten years younger, over the hill

Alliteration

words with recurring initial sounds

EX: Cost Contribution and Connotation are all words describing things and I am here to talk…..

Ambiguous

word that identifies more than one object or idea; its meaning depends on the context

Pot= container, sum of money, marijuana

Antimetabole

saying words in one phrase then reversing them in the next

EX: The absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence. , we do not stop playing because we are old, we grow old because we stop playing.

Archetypal Symbols

recurring metaphors and similes that arise from shared human and natural experiences

Code Switching

changing from one dialect

Concrete Words

specific, rather than general or abstract, terms

Animal vs. White tale Deer

Connotative Meaning

emotional overtones, related feelings, and associations that cluster around a word

Police officer = has its own meaning

Denotative Meaning

what a word names or identifies

Dictionary meaning

Dialect

variant form of a language

British English, American English, Ebonics

Epithets

words or phrases with powerful negative connotations, used to describe some quality of a person or group

EX: Describing an opposing party as extremists (extremist has negative emotions attached to its actual meaning.

Euphemism

word or phrase that substitutes an inoffensive term for a potentially offensive, embarrassing, or unpleasant thing

Going number 2, to the ladies room, to the restroom instead of  going to take a shit

Hyperbole

using exaggeration for effect

Inclusive language

ethical terminology that affirms and includes, rather than excludes, persons or groups of people

EX: talking about a person with a  disability and focusing on the disability so as to alienate them (on accident or on purpose)

Jargon

 specialized, technical vocabulary that serves the interests and activities of a particular group

EX: football has drive, down, and safety all have unique meaning within this context but those that are not familiar with the terms would not know what was going on

Languages

verbal codes consisting of symbols that a speech community uses for communication

Much like there are different computer programming codes

Metaphors

comparison of two dissimilar things without using 'like' or 'as'

Mixed Metaphor

combining metaphors from two or more sources, starting with one then ending with another

Nonparallel Language

language that differentiates the 2 sexes/does not treat them equally

EX: Actress (female actor), male nurse (nurse), female judge (judge)

Personification

giving human characteristics to non human entities

EX: that rock is as stubborn as a hobo

Perspective Taking

trying to imagine something from another persons point of view

EX: Imagine what it feels like to give a speech in a foreign language to people that have been speaking it their entire lives.

Racist Language

language that privileges one racial group over another or degrades one group

EX: spick, nigger

Repetition

saying the same word or phrase at the beginning or at the end of clauses or sentences

EX: We will cherish eahc of their stories, stories of triumph, stories of true American heroes...

Rhymes

words that end in the same sound

EX: Sex, rex, tex,

Sexist Language

subtly gives priority to males, their activities, and their interests

Similes

short comparisons that use the word like or as to compare two items that are alike in one essential detail

EX: white is to snow as metal is to a keg

Standard English

English dialect that is most commonly used in public speaking and in US institutions

Symbols

signs that represent or stand for objects and concepts

Donkey and elephant for Republicans and Dems or Hawks for the Atlanta Basketball Team

Vague Words

imprecise terms that have indefinite boundaries

EX:Hill, mountain, a bit, smidge

Verbiage

nonessential language

Keep it short and to the point basically

Words

verbal symbols that stand for or represent ideas

EX: Hello, goodbye, dog, cat, perro

Actuate

motivate the audience to do something

Apathy

indifference due to lack of motivation

Attitudes

complex mental states that involve beliefs, emotions, and actions

Claim

 an assertion that is disputable or open to challenge

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

humans seek balance/stability and equilibrium; faced with inconsistency they seek psychological balance; this may motivate people to change in order to be consistent/ attain balance

Comparative Advantages Pattern

show the supremacy of a claim (works best with value) by comparing the advantages of its competition to its own

Criteria Satisfaction Pattern

good for value or definition speeches, sets forth standards for judgment or for inclusion in a category and then shows how the proposal meets or exceeds these standards or fits into the category

Criteria

the standards used for making evaluations or judgments

Definition or Classification Claim

claim determining which category an item belongs in

Direct Method or Statement of Reasons Pattern

states a claim then presents reasons for its validity

Dissonance

inconsistency or clash (bad intonation)

Factual Claim

 an argument about existence, causation, or predictions

i.e. Things that are quantifiable and proven by fact

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

a call to action (from speaker) in 5 steps: 1. Attention, 2. Need, 3. Satisfaction, 4. Visualization, 5. Action

Negative Method Pattern

 points out the negative aspects of other proposals then shows why the proposed claim is the only viable option

Policy Claim

 argument for the need or the plan for taking action

Status Quo

Latin for "the existing state of affairs"

Theory of Reasoned Action

 link behavioral intentions with attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; assumes we rationally weigh the cost of our actions with the benefits

To Convince

a persuasive purpose that targets audience beliefs

To try and bring them to your side so you can then get them to take action

Value Claim

 argument about right or wrong, moral or immoral, beautiful or ugly

Absolute Listening

strictly listening

Ad Hominem

an attack on the messenger rather than the message ( attacking the speaker not the speech)

Ad Populum

appeal to popular opinion

Analogy

comparison of one item that is less familiar or unknown to another that is concrete and familiar

Argument

intentional purposeful speaking that involves reason and logic

Assertions

claims put forth without any supporting evidence

Backing

reasons given to support the warrant (when a warrant is not broadly understood or accepted)

Causal Reasoning

linking 2 factors together by showing that if one happens then the other will follow suit as a matter of rule

Claim

 debatable point or proposal that you want listeners to accept

Common Ground

specific areas that both speaker and audience find important

Deductive Reasoning

 starting with a principle (premise) and applying it to specific case(s)

Demagogue

a speaker that appeals to an audience through emotions and charisma more so than logically reasoned arguments

Enthymeme

omitting the syllogism/bulk of the generalization to allow the audience to fill in the blanks

EX: Married? NO he's a catholic bishop

Ethos

 personal credibility or character traits that make a speaker believable and worthy of the audience's confidence

Evidence, Data, or Grounds

evidence offered to support a claim

EX: defendants blood in a murder trial

Fallacy

 failure in logical reasoning that leads to an untrue unsound or misleading argument

False Analogy

 comparing two things that are too dissimilar to warrant the conclusion

False Dichotomy

an either or fallacy that ignores other reasonable options

EX: its either us or them, this or that (when there are other options not presented)

Identification or Co- orientation

 concerns shared among speakers and the audience that help them overcome divisions and bring diverse people together

Inductive Reasoning

 starting with specific examples then formulating a generalization

Invitational Rhetoric

 inviting the audience to participate in a discussion. Neither is trying to convince the other just to share ideas and collaborate

Logos

rational proof/arguments from the words of the speech itself

Motivation

internal individualized factors that result when we understand how a topic effects us in our lives

Overgeneralization

a fallacy of induction; generalizing too broadly given the evidence presented

Parallel Case or Literal Analogy

 comparing likenesses of two similar things; arguing that what happened in a known case will likely happen in a similar case

Ex: how to solve health care so look at other countries similar to that of the USA and see what they did

Pathos

appeals or reasons directed toward audience emotions

Post Hoc

 a fallacy of causations; false cause

EX: I pray for you to win the lottery then you win (I had nothing to do with it)

Proof

a reason to believe

Qualifiers

words and phrases that limit or narrow the scope of a claim (make more specific)

EX: in males from 7 to 9

Reasoning by Metaphor

comparing two things that are generally different but share a recognizable similarity

Rebuttal

arguments that counter or disagree with a claim

Red Herring

introducing a side issue to draw attention away from the main issue at hand

Re-sourcement

creatively framing a divisive issue or viewpoint in a different way that may be less threatening

Reversibility of Perspective

an attempt to think from another's perspective as well as your own

Unsupported Assertions

 a claim presented without evidence

Warrant

justification or reasoning one uses to  connect the claim and the evidence