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| playwrite and stoic philosopher from Cordoba |
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| Individualism, interior self, life isn't happy, death is inevitable - led to Hildalgo (man of honor) |
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| Refers to the "sea of mystery", the Atlantic |
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| roman for "our sea", the Meditteranean |
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| "plumed serpent" Mayan creator of human world, moral hero of mesoamerican world |
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| Aztec god of war, eagle devouring a serpent - Aztecs pinned their god of war against enemies' god of creation Quetzalcoatl |
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El Cid: represents strong, generous, heroic army leader. Recaptured Valencia
Epic poem that embodies secular opportunistic and other times religous politics |
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| "St. James the Moor slayer"- symbolized resistence against Muslims. United the army and the church |
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| Ruler of Numancia, developed guerilla warfare |
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| guerilla Leader in battle of Covadonga against Moors |
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| Muslim dynasty who ruled southern Spain, made Cordoba its main city |
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| Conquered Al Andalus, made Seville their capital city |
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| Muslim dynasty from north africa; anti-christian |
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| Mayan/Toltec capital city, location of pyramids |
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| Spanish conquistador who sailed to Ecuador and discovered the Inca |
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| Conquistador who sailed to the Yucatan and discovered the Mayans/Aztecs |
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| Last city to hold out against Romans, its fall assured the romanization of Iberia |
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| Visigoth capital, coexistance of Christians, Muslims, and Jews under arab rule. First city to be taken by Alfonso IV during the reconquista. Site where Catholicism was declared official religion |
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| Arab cultural city, location of Great Mosque, known for religious tolerance, ruled by Omeya |
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| founder of spanish empire, attempted to unify spain, unify church and state |
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| the first inquisitor-general of aragon and Castille, belonged to family of converted Jews |
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Arab philosopher, reintroduced Aristotle to Spain, believed in "double truth" (religiously revealed, scientifically found)
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| Jewish philosopher, interpretted the Talmud, Greek philosophy |
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| Alfonso's seven laws of Toledo, unified government and major cities |
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| wrote the siete partidas, known as Alfonso the Wise,unified kings of Castile, aragon, and navarre |
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| Conquered Seville in 1248, marking the end to Muslim rule in Al Andalus |
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| battle in 718, guerilla leader Pelayo stopped the Muslims from conquering northern Spain |
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| Battle marking the end of Muslim rule in southern Spain in 1212 |
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| battle of 1195, Almohads allied with Pedro Ferdinanz de Castro vs Kiing Alfonso VIII of Castile, left road to Toledo open and disturbed stability of Castile |
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| Visigoth king who was defeated by Muslims |
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| son of Leovigildo, became Catholic and made it official religion of Spain |
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| Her and Ferdinand unifief monarchy and Spanish gov't, christian unity, conquest, and expansion. expelled jews, sent colombus on his journey, |
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| king of Spain in 1492. expulsion of muslims and jews, christian unity, discovery of new world |
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| grammatical Spanish language book written by Nebrija in 1492, moral strength, political alternative |
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| 1325- god of war: Huitzilopochtli, main city: Tenochitlan, last of the mesoamerican indians, Moctezuma aztec emperor, la malinche: cortes' lover/translator |
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| another mesoamerican tribe known for large sculptures |
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| Built Teotihuacan, mesoamerican tribe |
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| God of creation: Quetzalcoatl, cities: Chichen Izta, Teotihuacan, Monte Alban, |
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| Cities: Cusco, Machu Piccu, Quito; God: Viracocha; emperor: Hauynacapac, Atahualpa |
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| Mayan invention of cords and knots for communication |
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| Aztec woman who became the lover/translator of Cortes. negative symbol |
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| 1519: Arrived in Mexico, Pedro de Alvarado was henchman. Conquered Aztecs |
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| Arrived in Peru in 1532. murdered by Diego de Almagro |
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| Conquistador of Chile, founded Santiago |
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| Incan leader, father of Tupac Amaru |
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| son of Manco Inca, led resistance against Spaniards |
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| Atahaulpa's father who prophicized the arrival of "Viracochas messengers marking the end of their world" |
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| Visigoth religion: Christ is not part of the Trinity, only a prophet |
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| doctrine stated that the body is Devil's creation and must abstain from all pleasure |
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| Incan system of organizing society, clans, land, etc. |
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| christians, muslims, and jews |
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| system of dividing land, frontier among different leaders, monarchy's attempt to control land(gain power) |
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Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias
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| book about the cruelties of the Conquistadors |
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| bishop/settler in new world who opposed the treatment of the indigenous |
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| 1498: Portuguese explorer who sailed to India |
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| Humanist, translator of Aristotle who denied the Indigenous any humanity |
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| year that Pelayo defeated Muslims in battle of Cavadonga |
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| year Muslims arrived in southern Spain |
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| Battle of Alarcos- Almohads defeat Alfonso VIII of Castille |
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Battle of Las Navas del la Toso, Christians defeat Muslims
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| Ferdinand III of Castille captures Seville from the Moors |
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| Henri III ends war with Alfonso X of Castile in exchange for the marriage of his son and Eleanor of Castile |
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| riots against Jews in Toledo and Seville |
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| Colombus sails to new world, capture of Granada, Nebrija's grammar book, expulsion of Jews |
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| Aztecs battle Spaniards, start off winning but Spaniards evenually defeat Aztecs |
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| Moctezuma's nephew who drove Spanish out of Tenochitlan during Noche Triste |
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| Aztec emperor, expanded Aztec territory |
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| Inca emperor, executed by spanish |
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| Alfonso X (the wise), became king in 1252, patron of arts and education, tolerant of Jews, Muslims, and Christians |
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| roman general who defeated Hannibal Lead fight against Numancia |
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| general who fought Romans in punic wars, couldn't keep them out of carthage |
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| governor of Ceuta who rebelled against Visigoth monarch Roderec |
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| spanish conquistador known for getting to Pacific in 1513 via Panama |
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| lines carved into the land, meaning not known, possibly form of communication to Gods in Peru |
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| a system in which a Spaniard was in charge of a group of natives, teach them spanish, catholicism in exchange for manuel labor, gold, food. Monarchy's way of controlling land in America, first organizational law |
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| seriers of wars between Romans and Carthage, 2nd war when Hannibal fought against Romans abd lost |
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| Christians who adopted Muslim culture |
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| Muslims who lived under Christian law |
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| Christians who adopted Islam |
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| moors who converted to Christianity |
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| between both islam and christianity, served as spies because of bilingualism |
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| Doctrine of Bartolomé de las Casas in 1542 condemning the cruelties of the conquistadors and the encomienda |
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| a disguise for the abolished encomienda laws |
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| more severe version of encomienda in the mines |
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| Inca nobel who depicted the atrocities of la mita |
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| conquistador of "la leyenda negra" |
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| Araucanian (Chilean tribe) chieftan who said "I wish I had invaded and conquered Spain" |
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| defender of indigenous rights who wrote jus gentium (rights of people) a set of laws to limit colonial power |
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| 1530- brought Thomas More's Utopia to Spain, applied riules to Tarascan land, called Tato Vasco by the indigenous |
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| system of labor in which workers are indebted and never able to get out of debt. based on a system of large land holding |
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| King during a time of economic decline and corrupted policies in America |
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| Casa de Contratación of Seville |
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| The chamber of commerce of the Indies centralized and monopolized trade, recieving all the gold and silver from the Indies |
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