Term
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Definition
| Tumor arising from the Schwann cells that provide the myelin sheathing for the vestibular half of the VIIIth nerve. Typically unlateral, except in NF II. Most common symptom is persistent, unilateral tinnitus. Other symptoms include hearing loss (unilateral high frequency), blanace complaints, facial paresis/paralysis, headache. Tumors are usually benign and slow-growing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marked by multiple Schwannomas. Can be bilateral. Tend to grow in the IAC and put pressure on the nerves and disrupt blood supply. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the VIIIth nerve. Can involve the whole or part of the VIIIth nerve. Often a unilateral effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Demyelinating disease that tends to destroy or create abnormalities in the Schwann cells lining the VIIIth nerve. Has a unilateral affect that is marked by exacerbations and remissions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons don't fire together, as they should. Often normal OAEs, but abnormal ABR. High success with hearing aids and cochlear implants. |
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Term
| Management of Vestibular Schwannomas |
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Definition
| Management may involve watchful waiting and monitoring, unless there is a change in the symptoms. |
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Term
| Goal in Surgery for Vestibular Schwannomas |
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Definition
| Common goal of surgery is not to preserve hearing, but to preserve facial nerve function. Success in preserving auditory function is highly variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Result of Rh incompatibility. Includes hyperbilirubinemia, causing jaundice. Can cause severe to profound SNHL and often doesn't respond well to hearing aids or cochlear implants. A disorder of the cochlear nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the tertiary stage, this disease often causes damage to the cochlear nucleus and brainstem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the cochlear nucleus "die off" as this happens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contraleteral or bilateral deficits; arising from within the brainstem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ipsilateral deficits; arising from outside the brainstem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Result from CVAs, strokes or aneurysms. Produce contralateral deficits. A disorder of the higher auditory pathways. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be intra-axial or extra-axial. Don't just cause a hearing loss. There are often challenges in processing what is being heard in both ears simultaneously or picking speech out from background noise. A disorder for the higher auditory pathways. |
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Term
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Definition
| Performance Intensity Function for Phonetically-Balanced Words. What happens to understanding at high stimulus levels? A test for APD. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide low-pass filtered speech (removing high frequency information) that sounds muffled and will be hard to identify. A test for APD. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthetic Sentence Inventory. Artificial sentences are presented against a coherent narrative (Davy Crocket). Nonsense sentences are presented along with the stories. Ask the patient to identify the sentence that doesn't make sense and ignore the sentence that does make sense. A test for APD that uses speech with competing signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deliver one sentence to each ear. Ask patient to ignore the sentence in one ear and only tell us the sentence that is presented to the specified ear. A test for APD that uses speech with competing signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| One signal is delivered to one ear and one sentence is delivered to the other ear. Patient is asked to repeat both back. We do this with one digit to each ear or two or three digits to each ear. The triple digits version of this test is the most sensitive. A test for APD that uses speech with competing signals. |
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Term
| Staggered Spondaic Word Test |
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Definition
| Different spondee words delivered to each ear. Second syllable of the first word overlaps with the first syllable of the second word (both delivered to different ears). A test for APD that uses speech with competing signals. |
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Term
| Masking Level Difference Test |
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Definition
| If you present a noise signal to both ears and measure how loud a signal has to be to be heard in the presence of the noise (masked threshold), you can improve listening by inverting the phase of either the signal and the masker, between the left and right hear. Good screening test for the health of the auditory brainstem. A test for APD. |
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Term
| Auditory Brainstem Implant |
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Definition
| Similar concept as cochlear implant. Used in patients with Neurofibromatosis II. Success is still limited but we expect to see gains in the future. |
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Term
| Speech Detection Threshold |
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Definition
| Lowest level at which the listener can tell that something is there (when the signal happens to be speech). Also called the speech awareness threshold. |
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Term
| Speech Recognition Threshold |
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Definition
| Lowest level at which the listener can actually identify what the speech stimulus is. Also called the Spondee threshold. |
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Term
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Definition
| Word that has an emphasis o each syllable. |
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Term
| Range of Comfortable Loudness |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Client can respond with any word he/she can think of. |
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Term
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Definition
| Response options are provided for the client (multiple choice test). |
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Term
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Definition
| Client is free to respond or not. |
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Term
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Definition
| Client must say something. |
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Term
| Phonetically Balanced Word Lists |
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Definition
| Selection of a group of words so that each phoneme appears with the same frequency it has in the normal lexicon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consonant-nucleus-consonant words that are phonemically balanced. Most audiologists do this with their own voice unless they have an accent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Like a nonsense syllable test for sentences. The patient identifies which sentence they heard in the presence of a story (Davy Crocket). Closed test. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patient only needs to know the last word of a sentence. Half of the items are high-context sentences and half are low-context sentences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Give the patient a full sentence and ask the to repeat verbatim what you said. Give them the sentence again if they don't get everything. The test is timed. How long does it take the patient to get through it |
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Term
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Definition
| Use sentences provided along with multi-talker babble. Score in terms of key words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Six pictures to choose from. Children's test. |
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Term
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Definition
| Four pictures to choose from. Children's test. |
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Term
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Definition
| Four pictures to choose from. Children's test. |
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Term
| Monosyllable-Spondee-Trochee Test |
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Definition
| Distinguishing word shapes, not identifying particular words. Used in cochlear implant cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Word recognition scores obtained at a range of stimulus levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum phonetically balanced score using PB word list. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lowest percent values after PBmax. Never the lowest value on a graph. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Articulation/Audibility Index |
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Definition
| "Count the dot" audiogram. Count how many dots are above and below their threshold. |
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Term
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Definition
| When testing babies and children, what is the lowest level at which they will respond? Their threshold is probably below this level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sounds that come out of the ear canal (generated by the cochlea) are recorded by a microphone; sign of a healthy cochlea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflex in response to loud sounds in healthy, normal-hearing infants. Whole body reflex seen in response to loud sound. Fades by 8 weeks. This can help us determine MRLs. |
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Term
| Behavioral Observation Audiometry |
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Definition
| Looking for changes in behavior once a sound is introduced. Looking for MRLs. |
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Term
| Conditioned Orienting Reflex |
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Definition
| Child will turn to sound source. Present a reinforcer (lights, toys, etc.) when a child responds to a sound. The child is rewarded if they turn the right direction toward the sound. Test of sound localization. |
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Term
| Visual Reinforcement Audiometry |
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Definition
| Uses visual reinforcement for any kind of reaction or head turns. Often done with speech, narrow band noise, tones, or noisemakers. Tests MRLs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tries to integrate the response to the tone into some kind of game. |
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Term
| Operant Conditioning Audiometry |
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Definition
| Reward system (with tangible reinforcers) designed to shape behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Checking middle ear function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Checking the health of a reflex arc through the brainstem. Stapedius contraction measured as a change in compliance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Checking the health of the cochlea. Low-level sounds produced by the cochlea are recorded in the external ear. |
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Term
| Auditory Evoked Potentials |
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Definition
| Checking the central auditory pathways. Brain activity is recorded as electromagnetic fields in response to sounds. Divided into epochs. Plot of voltage as a function of time. ABR is the most common form of this test. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plot of middle ear admittance as a function of ear canal pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal tympanogram. Peal between +100 and -100 dPa. You would not expect to see an air-bone gap on an accompanying audiogram. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as a flat tympanogram. Middle ear is fulled with fluid due to effusion. Common in children. May or may not be infected. You would expect to see a moderate flat conductive HL. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows negative pressure in the middle ear. Peak beyond -100 dPa. Common in children. Usually means there is a stiff eardrum, so response to low frequencies won't be as good. Common to have a slight-to-mild conductive loss in low frequencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows a not very compliant middle ear. The peak may be shallow. Ear has normal pressure but is very stiff. Has a hard time hearing lower pitches. You might see this in an eardrum with excessive scarring or with otosclerosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows a normal ear that is too floppy/compliant. Peak is off scale. Patient would have a hard time hearing higher pitches. We may see this because of monomeric eardrums or disarticulation/breakage of the ossicular chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear. Makes the whole ossicular chain much stiffer. Typically occurs between 20 - 40 years of age. More common in women than men and more common in women that have had at least one pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| How intense sound must be to elicit the reflex. Judged relative to hearing threshold (SL). Lowest level at which an appropriate change in admittance can be read. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the degree of a contraction maintained throughout a 10-second stimulus? |
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Term
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Definition
| Emissions evoked by very quick sounds. Within a few ms after the sound you can hear an "echo." |
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Term
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Definition
| Put two tones into the ear at the same time and record the sound in the ear canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormally small, deformed pinna. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Surgery performed to correct a pinna that either protrudes markedly from head or is pinned too closely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hallmark symptoms include pain, redness/swelling, and signs of discharge. Swimmer's ear. Usually bacterial or fungal in origin. Most common in children, people with small ear canals, and people with hearing aids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Benign bony growths in the outer ear canal. Tend to grow in multiples. Calcified growths off the bone of the ear canal and protrude into the ear canal. More common in people who swim in cold water. They're usually left alone unless they grow really large and start to cause a hearing loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| Singular bony growths that grow at the junction between the bone and cartilaginous portion of the ear canal. Grow on a slender stalk. Surgeons generally follow osteomas and try to remove them. Generally don't cause a hearing loss unless they grow too large. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of dead skin cells builds up in persons who use earplugs or some hearing aids frequently. Won't show normal TM landmarks or show light reflection. Basically an impression of the eardrum itself. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with other craniofacial anomalies and malformations elsewhere in the ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scarring on the eardrum from perforations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any tissue out of its normal position. |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth of skin tissue growing in the middle ear space. Tend to follow consistent negative ear pressure. Can erode the malleus and the incus. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Drop in BC sensitivity at 2000 Hz in the presence of a moderate conductive loss. Associated only with otoscleosis and fixation of the ossicular chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Report by otosclerotic patients that they hear people better in noisy situations than in quiet situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slicing of the eardrum for patients with common ear infections/middle ear disease. Usually accompanied by PE tubes. Essentially a prosthetic ET. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freeing stapes from the bone that is encasing it and replacing the stapes with a prosthetic device. For otoscleosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reconstruction of TM and/or ossicular chain. Used for people with traumatic fracture of the ossicular chain or traumatic damage to TM or severe cholesteatomas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drilling out the infected mastoid bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disruption in the oxygen supply before or during delivery or poor function of the lungs following deliver can produce cochlear damage. The need of respiratory support for over 24 hours increases the chance of hearing loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| If a pregnant woman contracts this during pregnancy, you can see severe to profound bilateral hearing loss in the baby. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incomplete cochlea, associated with severe SNHL. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tends to have vestibular effects and SNHL. Child will have difficulty reaching milestones on time, such as sitting up, walking, etc. |
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Term
| Temporary Threshold Shift |
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Definition
| Temporarily have a hearing loss produced by damage to the OHCs. Person will recover from this. |
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Term
| Permanent Threshold Shift |
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Definition
| Shift in hearing that does not recover, due to prolonged exposure to loud noises. |
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Term
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Definition
| Poisoning from too much excitation. Inside the cell, an accumulation of reactive oxygenated species are produced, which are often called free radicals. Can trigger a chain reaction that leads to cell death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hearing loss related to exposure to recreational or cultural activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome whose symptoms include episodic vertigo, roaring low frequency tinnitus, fluctuating progressive HL, and a sensation of aural fullness. |
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Term
| Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease |
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Definition
| Disease marked by progressive hearing loss and/or dizziness. Immune cells attach the inner ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sounds heard which don't emanate from outside the person's head. Can engage the brain areas involved in attention and threat response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dislike, discomfort, fear of, and intolerance of loud sounds. |
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Term
| Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) |
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Definition
| Integration of education about the brain/neuroscience of tinnitus. The person's thinking of the tinnitus (and why there is a threat response) can help the patient. You want the noise to seem like part of the background. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces noise generation that mixes with the person's normal hearing and goes through stages of introducing new sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anatomical, physiological, or psychological abnormality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to perform useful functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Manner in which a person is disadvantaged in doing what they would like to do. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nature of complaint, previous treatments and evaluations, ear infections/surgeries, noise exposure history, dizziness/balance problems, tinnitus, head trauma, general medical history. |
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Term
| Impressions and Recommendations |
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Definition
| The first things to put in a referral letter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjective, Objective, Planning, Assessment. For referral letters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teaching people about what speech looks like on the face and what certain gestures mean. |
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Term
| Ideal hearing aid fitting should... |
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Definition
| Restore adequate sensitivity for speech and environmental sounds, provide restoration, retention, or acquisition of the clarity within ordinary, relatively quiet environments, achieve the same when these sounds are in noisier environments, and ensure higher intensity sounds are not amplified to an intolerable level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides the largest amount of amplification. Good for people with most severe hearing losses. |
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Term
| Completely in Canal (CIC) HA |
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Definition
| Comfortable HA. Provides more benefit with less gain because the HA is physically closer to the eardrum. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| HA driven by a magnetic field. Sound is transmitted through electric pulse that vibrates the ossicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have a mic, processor, and electrodes. Electrical stimulation of neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biofeedback, maskers, Tinnitus Retraining Therapy, and surgery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Poor tolerance for loud sounds, often accompanied by severe tinnitus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium crystals in the vestibules. |
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Term
| Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo |
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Definition
| Caused by otoliths going into the wrong canals. |
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