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| is a measure of relative sound pressure similar to human perception of loudness. |
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| dB (sound pressure level) scale. to compare two sounds. |
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| is 180* out of phase with origional wave. |
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| Reflected wave is in phase with the origional wave. |
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| Reflected wave is in phase with the origional wave. |
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| Reflected wave is in phase with the origional wave. |
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| Hard boundaries (like a wall) |
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| familar reflections: echos, reverberation |
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| reflections from faraway objects |
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| from more to less dense medium. *like mouth to air. also, heavier rope to lighter rope |
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| some energy is transferred to the boundary. --More absorption-less engery reflected back. |
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| occurs when an object that is allowed to vibrate according to its natural characterstics. |
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| the resonance frequencies depend on its size. (bigger is lower, smaller is higher) |
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| occurs when an object vibrates because it is coupled to another object that is also vibratig |
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| can be described as a filter-map out frequencies it responds to best/worst |
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| waves that are 'in sync' with themselves so they reinforce the sound. |
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| occur only when waves are exactly in phase. |
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| refers to the point in a standing wave where max constructive interference can occur |
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| at some locations waves always cancle. |
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| sound amplified at places where antinodes are created as incident and reflected wave move in and out of phase (antinodes) |
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| sound attenuated at places where waves always cancel out as incident and reflected wave cross. (nodes) |
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| similar for a tube that is open at both ends. |
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| the sound waves has to travel four lengths of the tube for a positive reflection to reinforce a new positive and create a standing wave. |
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| speed of sound in air: 344m/s |
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| length of the tube. Convert to m if neccessary |
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| closed (or open) at both ends. |
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| frequencies below some cutoff pass through |
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| frequencies above some cutoff pass through |
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| lets through frequencies between a low and a high ctoff frequency |
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| attenuates all frequencies |
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| "tuning" of filters/resonators |
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Definition
| most filters do not "pass" exactly one value. instead they allow a range of values to pass. |
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Definition
| means create some amplification or pass through with little or no attenuation |
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| acoustic resonator that responds only to a relatively small range of frequencies |
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Definition
| acoustic resonator that responds to a broader range of frequencies |
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Definition
| duration of the response of the filter. goes with tuning, broadly tuned filters tend to be more damped. |
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Definition
| all English speech sounds are pulmonary (air from the lungs) and egressive (air flow outward). |
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| 40/60 percent of total cycle. .5-.7 liters out of a maz possible 5 liters. inspiration from diaphragm contraction(causing lowering) and chest expansion. |
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Definition
| unbalanced inspiration/expiration (10/90) Expiration is carefully controlled to maintain egressive airflow and a constant air pressure. Rate of expiration is modulated to ontrol amplitude of speech (eg. more for yelling) |
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Term
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Definition
| adbominals; non-interchondral internal intercostals |
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Definition
| larynx between hyoid bone and trachea. sits on crioid cartilage, vocal folds creating a v |
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Definition
| vocal folds are adducted (closed) by contracting the intersryteniod muscle and lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (LCA). Vocal folds are abducted (opened) by contracting the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA). |
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Definition
| achieved by contracting the LCA without the interarytenoid, leaving a notch |
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Definition
| vocal fold mass and stiffness can be increased by contracting this muscle. a.k.a. coalis muscle |
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| vocal fold mass can be decreased and stiffness increased by contracting this muscle. |
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| created by changing the mass, length and stiffness of vocal folds |
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| is NOT like clapping your hands (not an active muscular contraction/release cycle) |
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| created by carefully balancing muscle tension(myoelastic part) and air pressure (aero |
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| created by carefully balancing muscle tension(myoelastic part) and air pressure (aerodynamic part) |
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Definition
| created by the vocal folds "flapping in the breeze" |
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Definition
| vocal folds are adducted by laryngeal muscles. air pressure builds beneath the vocal folds due to lung compression. |
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Definition
| airlow rate increases in a narrow channel, compared to in a wider channel. when airflow increases, pressure within channel desreases. |
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| voicing/phonation creates a quasi-periodic sound |
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| Acoustics of Phonation cont. |
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Definition
| FO,H1 is the most intense component of the source sound; higher frequency harmonics decrease in amp with increasing freq. |
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| measures in dB per octave. |
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| doubling in freq. (e.g. 600=2*300) |
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| normal voice decreases what? |
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Definition
| 12dB for each octave. written as: -12dB/octave |
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| normal voicing, vocal folds open for 40-60% of the glottal cycle. |
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Definition
| vocal folds open for more then 60% of the glottal cycle, may never completely close posteriorly, noise as well as phonation |
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| vocal folds open for less than 40% of the glottal cycle, super low FO, may be able to hear individual glottal pulses; very irregular. |
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| voice quality affects spectral tilt |
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Definition
| Modal voicing: -12dB/octave Breathy voicing: -13dB/octave creaky voicing: -9dB/octave |
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Definition
| a continuous aperiodic source created by formation of a narrow channel by atriculators (toungue + alveolar ridge; lower lip + teech) |
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| stop closure causes build up of air pressure in the oral tract; releas creates an aperiodic transient source. |
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Definition
| all English speech sounds are created by the combination of a sound source and the effects of the filter created between the source and lips. |
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| vowels and resonant consonants: |
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Definition
| phonation in larynx is filtered by te complete vocal tract (glottis to lips) |
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| fricatives and stop bursts: |
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Definition
| noise is filtered by the vocal tract between the source and the lips. |
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| combines with the shape of the vocal tract to make all the distinctive ponemes to speech |
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| typical female frequencies |
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| typical child frequencies |
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