Term
The CNS is protected by enclosed, hard, bony structures.
-__________ encases the brain
-__________ __________ surrounds the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
1) Cranium
2) Vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| In the CNS, what hard, bony structures protect the brain? The spinal cord? |
|
Definition
1) Cranium
2) Vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the meninges? |
|
Definition
1) Dura mater (tough mother)
2) Arachnoid mater (spider-like mother)
3) Pia mater (gentle mother) |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is the outermost and thickest layer of the meninges. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is the delicate and richly vascularized layer of the meninges; it contains a subarachnoid space that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is the innermost layer of the meninges which is highly vascularized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is the cushioning fluid of the brain. |
|
Definition
| 1) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ limits the access of blood-borne materials into brain tissue. |
|
Definition
| 1) Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) |
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the meninges is the outermost and thickest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the meninges is the most delicate and richly vascularized layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the meninges is the innermost layer and is highly vascularized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fluid is responsible for cushioning the brain? From preventing blood-borne materials from entering brain tissue? |
|
Definition
1) Cerebrospinal fluid2
2) Blood-brain-barrier |
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is the meninges composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ is the space within the canal (formed by the surrounding vertebrae) lying outside the dura mater (which encloses the arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the spinal cord). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) The space within the canal (formed by the surrounding vertebrae) lying outside the dura mater (which encloses the arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the spinal cord). |
|
|
Term
| The subdural has __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three functions of the cerebrospinal fluid? |
|
Definition
1) Serves as a shock-absorbing fluid to prevent the brain from hitting the skull
2) Exchanges materials between neural cells and interstitial fluid surround the brain
3) Constantly produces and flows out of CNS and into venous system |
|
|
Term
| What serves as the shock-absorbing fluid that prevents the brain from hitting the skull? |
|
Definition
| 1) The cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
| What exchanges materials between neural cells and the interstitial fluid surrounding the brain? |
|
Definition
| 1) The cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
| What constantly produces and flows out of the CNS into the venous system? |
|
Definition
| 1) The cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
| Where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cerebrospinal fluid is formed primarily by the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is a richly vascularized mass of pia matter tissue that dip into pockets form by endymal cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the choroid plexuses? What cells form the pockets they dip into? |
|
Definition
| 1) Vascularized masses of pia matter that dip into pockets formed by ependymal cells |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ forms as a result of selective transport mechanisms across the membrane of the choroid plexus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway of the ventricular system from the lateral ventricles to the central canal? |
|
Definition
| 1) Lateral ventricles -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> central canal |
|
|
Term
| What are the ventricles of the brain? |
|
Definition
1) Right lateral ventricle
2) Left lateral ventricle
3) Third ventricle
4) Fourth ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What is hydrocephalus? What is it commonly caused by? |
|
Definition
| 1) Hydrocephalus is water on the brain; it is an extremely serious condition due to both the damage caused by the pressure and the agent which caused it |
|
|
Term
| The aqueduct between the __________ and __________ ventricles is very small, as are the __________, which means they are easily blocked causing high pressure in the __________ ventricles. |
|
Definition
1) Third
2) Fourth
3) Formina
4) Lateral |
|
|
Term
| How much cerebrospinal fluid is usually produced? What is it's half life? |
|
Definition
1) 135mL - 150mL
2) Three hours |
|
|
Term
| __________ is essentially a blockage of cerebrospinal fluid flow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid which bathes and cushions the __________ and __________ __________ with their bony confines.
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by modified __________ of the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Brain
2) Spinal cord
3) Ependymal cells
4) Choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid is found in all components of the __________ system except for the __________ __________ and the __________ and __________ horns of the lateral ventricles. |
|
Definition
1) Ventricular
2) Cerebral aqueduct
3) Posterior
4) Anterior |
|
|
Term
| What are the three areas within the ventricular system where cerebrospinal fluid cannot be found? |
|
Definition
1) The cerebral aqueduct
2) Posterior horns of the lateral ventricle
3) Anterior horns of the lateral ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Approximately __________-__________% of the cerebrospinal fluid is created by ependymal cells in the choroid plexus; the remainder is formed around blood vessels and along ventricular walls. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The majority of cerebrospinal fluid is produced where? Where can the remainder be found? |
|
Definition
1) Ependymal cells of the choroid plexus
2) Around blood vessels and ventricular walls |
|
|
Term
| Map the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. |
|
Definition
| 1) Lateral ventricles -> Foramen of Monro -> Third ventricle -> Aqueduct of Sylvius -> Fourth ventricle -> Foramen of Magendie -> Foramina of Luschka |
|
|
Term
| The cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into __________ __________ blood via __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Venous sinus
2) Arachnoid granulations |
|
|
Term
| About how many times a day is the cerebrospinal fluid replaced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal cerebrospinal fluid is measured by __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is normal cerebrospinal fluid measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the normal pressure for CSF?
Normal appearance?
Normal total protein level? Gamma globulin?
Normal glucose amount?
Normal WBC count? RBC count? |
|
Definition
1) 70-80mm H20
2) Clear / colorless
3) 15-60mg / 100mL
4) 3-12% of the total protein
5) 50-80mg / 100mL (greater than 2/3 of blood sugar level)
6) 0-5 WBCs; NO RBCs |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ lies within the spinal cavity, consisting of the vertebral column, the meninges, spinal nerves, spinal fluid, blood vessels, and a cushion of adipose tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the spinal cord lie? What does this area consist of? |
|
Definition
1) Spinal cavity
2) Vertebral column
3) Meninges
4) Spinal nerves
5) Spinal fluid
6) Blood vessels
7) Cushion of adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is anesthesia caused by local anesthetic injection into epidural or sacral caudal space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is epidural anesthesia? |
|
Definition
| 1) Anesthesia caused by local anesthetic injection into epidural or sacral caudal space |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is anesthesia following local anesthetic injection into lumbar subarachnoid space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is spinal anesthesia? |
|
Definition
| 1) Anesthesia following local anesthetic injection into lumbar subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the blood brain barrier? |
|
Definition
1) Protects the brain from chemical fluctuations in the blood
2) Minimizes the possibility that harmful blood-borne substances might reach the central nervous tissue
3) Prevents certain circulating hormones that could also act as neurotransmitters from reaching the brain
4) Limits the use of drugs for the treatment of the brain and spinal cord disorders |
|
|
Term
| True or False: There are not many drugs which cannot penetrate the blood brain barrier |
|
Definition
| 1) False: Many drugs CANNOT penetrate the blood brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ allows careful selection of what substances can cross to __________. It is also a __________ barrier that allows only water and small lipophilic molecules to freely access the brain in accordance with their concentration gradients. |
|
Definition
1) Blood brain barrier
2) Neurons
3) Diffusion |
|
|
Term
| Brain capillaries have __________ __________ that prevent the passage of materials. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are capillary walls different than brain capillaries? |
|
Definition
1) Fewer pores
2) Tight junctions
3) Special carriers |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Water soluble substance do not cross the capillary walls easily. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substances are allowed to diffuse through the capillary membrane? |
|
Definition
| 1) Small, lipid soluble substances |
|
|
Term
| Cells of the __________ __________ in the brain are joined by tight junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only possible exchange between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid is through what cells? What transportation methods are available? |
|
Definition
1) Endothelial cells
2) Endo / exocytosis
3) Protein transporters
4) Simple diffusion |
|
|
Term
| __________ supposedly direct the endothelium to tighten up in the blood brain barrier. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What in the brain is not subject to the blood brain barrier? Why? |
|
Definition
1) The hypothalamus
2) Monitors the presence of hormones in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What are regions of the brain known as that lack a blood brain barrier? |
|
Definition
| 1) Circumventricular organs |
|
|
Term
| A __________ __________ secretes melatonin and neuroactive peptides; they are associated with circadian rhythms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Secrets melatonin and neuroactive peptides; involved with circadian rhythms |
|
|
Term
| __________ (posterior pituitary) releases neurohormones (oxytocin and vaspopressin into the blood) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurohormones is the posterior pituitary responsible for releasing? |
|
Definition
| 1) Oxytocin and vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is the vomiting center: when a toxic substance enters the bloodstream it will get to the area postrema and may cause the animal to throw up. In this way, the animal protects itself by eliminating the toxic substance from its stomach before more harm can be done. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area postrema? |
|
Definition
| 1) Area where toxic substances go to be vomited out of the body |
|
|
Term
| The _________ __________ is important for the regulation of body fluids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ is important for the regulation of body fluids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis? |
|
Definition
| 1) A chemosensory area that detects peptides and other molecules |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ regulates the anterior pituitary through the release of neurohormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the median eminence? |
|
Definition
| 1) Regulates the anterior pituitary through the release of neurohormones. |
|
|
Term
| Neural networks create __________ and __________ behaviors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brain exhibits __________, the ability to change connections as a result of experience. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ is responsible for thought and emotion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The CNS consists of layers of cells cells around a fluid-filled cavity and develops from the __________ __________ of the embryo. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The __________ __________ of the CNS consists of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals.
The cell bodies either form layers in parts of the brain or else cluster into groups known as __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelinated axons form the __________ __________ of the CNS and run in bundles called __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brain and spinal cord are encased in the __________ and the bones of the __________ and vertebrae. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the meninges composed of? |
|
Definition
1) Pia mater
2) Arachnoid membrane
3) Dura mater |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ secretes CSF into the ventricles of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ cushions the tissue and creates a controlled chemical environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tight junctions in brain capillaries create a __________ __________ __________ that prevents possibly harmful substances in the blood from entering the interstitial fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The normal fuel source for neurons is __________ which is why the body closely regulates blood glucose concentrations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each segment of the spinal cord is associated with a pair of __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ of each spinal nerve carries incoming sensory information. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ contain the nerve cell bodies of sensory neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ carry information from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ of white matter carry sensory information to the brain, and __________ __________ carry efferent signals from the brain. |
|
Definition
1) Ascending tracts
2) Descending tracts |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ remain within the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are integrated in the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the six major division of the brain? |
|
Definition
1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephalon
3) Midbrain
4) Cerebellum
5) Pons
6) Medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is divided into the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain (mesencephalon). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerves II to XII originate within the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is a diffuse collection of neurons that play a role in many basic processes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The medulla oblongata contains __________ and __________ __________ that convey information between the cerebrum and spinal cord.
Most tracts cross the midline in the __________ region.
The __________ contains control cents for many involuntary functions. |
|
Definition
1) Somatosensory
2) Corticospinal tracts
3) Pyramid
4) Medulla |
|
|
Term
| The __________ acts as a relay station for information between the cerebrum and cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ controls eye movement and relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ processes sensory information and coordinates the execution of movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ relays and modifies sensory and motor information going to and from the cerebral cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ contains center for behavioral drives and plays a key role in homeostasis by its control over endocrine and autonomic function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ and __________ __________ are endocrine glands located in the diencephalon. |
|
Definition
1) Pituitary gland
2) Pineal gland |
|
|
Term
The cerebrum is composed of two hemispheres connected at the __________ __________.
Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into __________, __________, __________, and __________ lobes. |
|
Definition
1) Corpus callosum
2) Frontal
3) Parietal
4) Temporal
5) Occipital |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral gray matter includes the __________ __________, basal ganglia, and limbic system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ help control movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The __________ __________ acts as the link between cognitive functions and emotional responses.
It includes the __________ and __________ __________ linked to emotion and memory, and the __________, associated with learning and memory. |
|
Definition
1) Limbic system
2) Amygdala
3) Cingulate gyrus
4) Hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| What three brain systems influence motor output? |
|
Definition
1) Sensory system
2) Cognitive system
3) Behavioral state system |
|
|
Term
| Higher brain functions such as reasoning arise in the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three functional specializations of the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
1) Sensory area
2) Motor areas
3) Association areas |
|
|
Term
| Each hemisphere of the cerebrum has developed functions not shared by the other hemisphere, a specialization known as __________ __________. |
|
Definition
| 1) Cerebral lateralization |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ __________ processes information about touch, temperature, and other somatic senses. |
|
Definition
| 1) Primary somatic sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ integrate sensory information into perception. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is the brain's interpretation of sensory stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ controls states of arousal and modulates the sensory and cognitive systems. |
|
Definition
| 1) Behavioral state systems |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ of the reticular formation influence attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood, and metabolic homeostasis. |
|
Definition
| 1) Diffuse modulatory systems |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ keeps the brain conscious, or aware of self and environment. |
|
Definition
| 1) Reticular activating system |
|
|
