Term
| The __________ is the point where the neuron meets a target cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two types of synpases are __________ and __________. |
|
Definition
1) Electrical
2) Chemical |
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of a chemical synapse? |
|
Definition
1) Presynaptic cell
2) Synaptic cleft
3) Postsynaptic cell |
|
|
Term
| __________-__________ are junctions that mediate information transfer from one neuron to another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A __________ __________ is a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to an effector cell (when a muscle is involved) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A __________ __________ is a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to an effector cell (when a gland is involved) |
|
Definition
| 1) Neuroglandular synapse |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major types of synapses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fiber's bouton is called the __________ __________ and the structure it contacts is the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Presynaptic element
2) Postsynaptic element |
|
|
Term
| An __________ __________ is a low resistance pathway between cells that allow current to flow directly from one cell to another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In invertebrates and mammals, electrical synapses occur between __________ __________ and __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is the morphological correlate of an electrical synapse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical sypnases are __________ (no delay) and __________ (can flow across the gap junction). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Studies of __________ and __________ neurons offered the first compelling evidence for electrical synapses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pre and postsynaptic neurons are joined by __________ __________; this allows local __________ to flow between adjacent cells. |
|
Definition
1) Gap junctions
2) Current |
|
|
Term
| Electrical synapses can be found in both the __________ and __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical synapses are found in __________ and __________ muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical synapses are important where __________ activity among a group of cells are a major function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical synapses were revealed in the vertebrate CNS of __________ fish soon after. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ are proteins and __________ are tubes in the cell membrane. |
|
Definition
1) Protein
2) Tubes in the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| In the most commonly used nomenclature, connexins are named for their predicted __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each gap junction hemichannel, also known as a connexon, is a __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately __________ of the mammalian connexins are abundant in the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ may not be the only channel-forming proteins in the electrical synapses of the mammalian brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__________ __________ in mammalian brains proved much harder to find.
Single-cell recordings provided the first strong evidence for mammalian electrical synapses in the __________ nucleus of cranial nerve __________, the __________ nucleus, and the __________ __________ nucleus. |
|
Definition
1) Electrical synapses
2) Mesencephalic
3) V
4) Vestibular
5) Inferior olivary |
|
|
Term
| On the bases of the distribution of __________ expression alone, it seems likely that electrical synapses occur in every major region of the __________, although compelling functional and morphological data have been collected for only a few years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The pre and postsynpatic elements are separated by a space 15-200nm wide known as the __________ __________.
At the synapse, the membrane of the __________ element is slightly thickened, and there is often an accumulation of some electron dense material near the thickened membrane. |
|
Definition
1) Synaptic cleft
2) Postsynaptic |
|
|
Term
| __________ synapses make up the majority of synapses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ synapses use neurotransmitter to carry information from cell to cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Axon terminals have __________ and __________ __________ containing neurotransmitters. |
|
Definition
1) Mitochondria
2) Synaptic vessels |
|
|
Term
| What are the five steps for the release of neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
1) Action potential reaches axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
2) Ca2+ enter synaptic knob (presynaptic axon terminal)
3) Neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis into synaptic cleft
4) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors that are an integral part of chemically gated channels on subsynaptic membrane of postsynaptic neuron
5) Binding of neurotransmitter to receptor opens specific channel |
|
|
Term
| What are the six steps that occur in chemical synapses? |
|
Definition
1) Neurotransmitter stored in vesicles
2) Action potential reaches terminal
3) Depolarization open voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
4) Ca2+ influx triggers exocytosis
5) Vesicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
6) Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and acts on target cells |
|
|
Term
| The neurotransmitter only fits in __________ receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not all cells have __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters are classified as either __________ or __________. |
|
Definition
1) Excitatory
2) Inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| The effect of a neurotransmitter on PSM depends on the type of __________ and not the nature of the neurotransmitter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some neurotransmitters (__________) attach to the presynaptic terminal in addition to the postsynaptic and then inhibit the release of more __________. |
|
Definition
1) Norepineephrine
2) Neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| __________ is a neurotransmitter synthesized in axon terminals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine produces a strong excitation of __________ muscle and excites __________ muscle in gut but inhibits the __________. |
|
Definition
1) Skeletal
2) Smooth
3) Heart |
|
|
Term
| Glutamate is a major __________ neurotransmitter in the CNS and is also an __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Excitatory
2) Amino acid |
|
|
Term
| GABA is a major __________ neurotransmitter; glycine is also a major inhibitory neurotransmitter responsible for inhibiting __________ of synapses in the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Inhibitory
2) Half
3) Spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What was the first neurotransmitter identified and the best understood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine is synthesized and enclosed in __________ __________ and is degraded by the enzyme __________ (AChE) |
|
Definition
1) Synaptic vesicles
2) Acetylcholinesterase |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine is released by __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurons are categorized as cholingeric neurons? |
|
Definition
1) Skeletal muscle motor neurons
2) Parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic neurons
3) Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons stimulating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
4) Sympathetic postganglionic neurons stimulating sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors also known as __________ or __________ receptors. |
|
Definition
1) Nicortinic
2) Muscarinic |
|
|
Term
| __________ regulate the state of consciousness and mood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are a few examples of neuromodulators? |
|
Definition
1) Catecholamine
2) Dopamine
3) Norepinephrine
4) Epinephrine
5) Indolamine
6) Serotonin |
|
|
Term
| __________ is a monoamine synthesized from tryosine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is a monoamine responsible for motivation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ and __________ are monoamines which respond to stress. |
|
Definition
1) Norepinephrine
2) Epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| __________ is a monoamine synthesized from tryptophan. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is a monoamine found in the midline of the brainstem; it regulates an individual's state of consciousness including sleep, waking, attention, and mood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three catcholamines? |
|
Definition
1) Dopamine
2) Norepinephrine
3) Epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Indolamines consist of __________ and __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ are a monoamine that is broadly distributed in the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ are important sympathetic neurotransmitters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ play an important role in emotional behaviors and our biological clock. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzymes present in the cell determine the length of the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ and __________ are synthesized in axon terminals. |
|
Definition
1) Norepinephrine
2) Dopamine |
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine is released by the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine is also known as __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is the main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ binds to adrenergic receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine can be __________ or __________ depending on the receptor it is bound to. |
|
Definition
1) Excitatory
2) Inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| Norepeniphrine is important in __________ and __________ - an organisms vigilance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine can also be released by the __________ __________ as a hormone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine is described as the __________ __________ neurotransmitter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is thought to be involved in the etiology of some bipolar affective disorders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine's removal from synapses can be blocked by __________ and __________. |
|
Definition
1) Antidepressants
2) Cocaine |
|
|
Term
| There are lower levels of norepinephrine in __________ patients and higher levels in the __________ phase of bipolar disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The release of norepinephrine is enhanced by __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dopamine binds to __________ receptors of substantia nigra of the __________ and __________. |
|
Definition
1) Dopaminergic
2) Midbrain
3) Hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What are the important physiological functions controlled by dopamine? |
|
Definition
1) Motor control
2) Autonomic functions
3) Regulating hormone release
4) Controlling motivational behavior and reward |
|
|
Term
| What biogenic amine is hypothesized to be at the heart of the mechanisms of all addictive drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dopamine's release is enhanced by __________ and is blocked by __________. |
|
Definition
1) Amphetamines
2) Cocaine |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter's release is enhanced by amphetamines and blocked by cocaine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a deficient of __________ in Parkinson's disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease has a deficit of dopamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptor abnormalities of what neurotransmitter have been linked to the development of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptor abnormalities of dopamine have been linked to the development of __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acid is synthesized by the amino acid tryptophan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diets high in __________ can elevate serotonin levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter may play a role in sleep, appetite, and regulation of moods (aggression)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low __________ levels are associated with increased aggressiveness and risk taking. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are low 5-HT levels associated with? |
|
Definition
| 1) Increased aggressiveness and risk taking |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter acts in a pathway that monitors carbohydrate intake, acting as a negative regulator of motivation to ingest carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter has led to the use of SSRIs as obesity pills? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that block serotonin's uptake relieve what symptoms? |
|
Definition
1) Anxiety
2) Depression
3) Aggression |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that block the uptake of __________ relieve anxiety, depression, and aggression. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an SSRI? What are a few drugs that are classified as SSRIs? |
|
Definition
1) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
2) Prozac
3) Celexa
4) Lexapro
5) Zoloft |
|
|
Term
| Ecstasy targets __________ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters are from amino acids and are only found in the CNS? |
|
Definition
1) Glutamate
2) GABA (Gamma aminobutyric acid)
3) Glycine
4) Aspartate |
|
|
Term
| Glutamate has an indirect action via __________ __________ and __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) G proteins
2) Second messengers |
|
|
Term
| What is the direct action of glutamate? |
|
Definition
| 1) Opens Ca2+ channels (ionotrophic) |
|
|
Term
| __________ receptors have a high permeability to Ca2+. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is important in learning and memory. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter is highly toxic to neurons when present for extended periods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glutamate is highly toxic to __________ when present for extended periods. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of stroke neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive release of glutamate produces __________ in which neurons are literally stimulated to death; the most common cause ischemia due to stroke. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glutamate aids __________ advance when released by __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter aids tumor advance when released by gliomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is a non-NMDA type ionotropictransmembrane receptor for glutamate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a non-NMDA type ionotropictransmembrane receptor for glutamate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does NMDA stand for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of neurotransmitter is GABA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does GABA have direct or indirect action? |
|
Definition
| 1) Both (depends on type of receptor) |
|
|
Term
| GABA is selectively permeable to __________ (hyperpolarizes membrane). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA interneurons throughout the CNS but can be found in the __________ __________ and __________. |
|
Definition
1) Cerebral cortex
2) Cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory effects on GABA are augmented by what? |
|
Definition
1) Alcohol
2) Benzodiazepines
3) Barbituates |
|
|
Term
| What are benzodiazepines? |
|
Definition
| 1) Antiaxiety drugs like Valium and Librium |
|
|
Term
| What drugs increase the number of GABA receptors and enhance the inhibitory affect of GABA? |
|
Definition
1) Alcohol
2) Benzodiazepines
3) Barbituates |
|
|
Term
| Decreased GABA inhibition may lead to __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epilepsy may be caused by a decrease of what neurotransmitter's inhibition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ are large electron dense vesicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ include enkephalins, endorphins, drynorphins, endomorphins, and nociceptin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ was the first chemical shown to bind to opioid receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ and __________ act as both hormones and transmitters in the brain. |
|
Definition
1) Vasopressin
2) Oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| Neuropeptide receptors are all __________-__________ linked. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to be G-protein linked? |
|
Definition
| 1) Levels of intracellular second messengers is altered |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ occurs in the brain where it is associated with the regulation of mood disorders, anxiety, neurogenesis, neurotoxicity, respiratory rate, nausea, and pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ stimulates appetite and food intake. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three opiods attempt to act like regular opiates and reduce our perception of pain? |
|
Definition
1) Beta endorphin
2) Dynorphin
3) Enkephalins |
|
|
Term
| What is found in higher concentrations in marathoners and women who have just given birth? |
|
Definition
| 1) Opiods, such as beta endorphins, dynorphins, and enkephalins |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are not packaged in vesicles and are not released by exocytosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are highly permanent and simply diffuse from synaptic terminals to neighboring cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of neurotransmitters are not packaged in vesicles or released by exocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of neurotransmitters are highly permanent diffuse simply from synaptic terminals to neighboring cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of gas neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
1) Nitric oxide (NO)
2) Carbon monoxide (MO) |
|
|
Term
| How is nitric oxide synthesized? |
|
Definition
| 1) On demand vs. constant synthesis |
|
|
Term
| How is nitric oxide released? |
|
Definition
| 1) Diffuses out of cells vs. being stored in vesicles and released by exoctyosis |
|
|
Term
| What does nitric oxide bind with and how? |
|
Definition
| 1) Exits the cytoplasm, enters the target cell, and binds with intracellular guanylyl cyclase |
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter is synthesized on demand vs. a constant synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter diffuses out of the cells making it vs. being stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter does not bind to surface receptors, but instead exits the cytoplasm, enters the target cell, and binds with intracellular guanylyl cyclase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter binds with guanylyl cyclase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the similarities nitric oxide shares in comparison to other neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
1) Present in presynaptic terminal
2) Natural removal from synaptic junction |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is the same substance produced by sublingual nitroglycerin produces to increase vasodilation in relief of angina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is a short-lived gas that diffuses through post-synaptic membranes to bind with intracellular receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter is a free radical and is therefore a highly reactive compound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is better known as laughing gas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ (along with glutamate) is important in learning and memory. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is important in the control of blood flow through cerebrovasculature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some type of male impotence is treated by stimulating __________ __________ release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in the release of viagra? |
|
Definition
1) Viagra intake
2) NO releae
3) Smooth muscle relaxation
4) Increased blood flow
5) Erection |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ cause depolarization whereas __________ __________ cause hyperpolarizations. |
|
Definition
1) Excitatory
2) Inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitters cause depolarizations? Hyperpolarizations? |
|
Definition
1) Excitatory
2) Inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Some neurotransmitters have both excitatory and inhibitory effects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain how acetylcholine has both excitatory and inhibitory effects. |
|
Definition
1) Excitatory at neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscle
2) Inhibitory in cardiac muscle with heart |
|
|
Term
| What type of amplification do ion channels experience? GPCRs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the duration for ion channels? For GPCRs? |
|
Definition
1) Fast (10 msec)
2) Long (100 msec-minutes) |
|
|
Term
| True or False: ACh only acts through ionotropic receptors |
|
Definition
| 1) False: Ach acts through both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids (such as glutamane and GABA) mainly act through what receptors? |
|
Definition
| 1) Ion channels (ionotropic) |
|
|
Term
| Neuropeptides and biogenic amines mainly act through what receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for something to be ionotropic? Metabotropic? |
|
Definition
1) Ionotropic refers to ion channels
2) Metabotropic refers to G proein-coupled receptors |
|
|
Term
| Which G protein-coupled receptor stimulates adenylate cyclase? Which inhibits? |
|
Definition
1) Gs stimulates
2) Gi inhibits |
|
|
Term
| What are five examples of GPCR second messengers? |
|
Definition
1) cAMP
2) cGMP
3) DAG
4) IP3
5) Ca2+ |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the majority of second messengers? |
|
Definition
1) Stimulate protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
2) Affect cell metabolism, gene expression, and ion channels |
|
|
Term
| GPCRs have a diverse and complex modulatory influences on __________ and __________ states. |
|
Definition
1) Physiological
2) Behavioral |
|
|
Term
| What type of receptors are nicotinic receptors? |
|
Definition
| 1) Ion channels (iotonic) |
|
|
Term
| Where can nicotinic receptors be found? |
|
Definition
1) On sacrolemma of skeletal muscle fibers
2) On dendrites and cell bodies of all postganglionic neurons of the ANS |
|
|
Term
| Nicotinic receptors are on the __________ of skeletal muscle fibers and the dendrites and cell bodies of all __________ neurons in the __________. |
|
Definition
1) Sacrolemma
2) Postganglionic
3) ANS |
|
|
Term
| Are nicotinic receptors excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
| 1) Excitatory (open Na+ channels to a fast EPSP) |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are G-protein couple receptors found on all parasympathetic target organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can muscarinic receptors be found? |
|
Definition
| 1) On all parasympathetic target organs (cardiac and smooth muscle) |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Muscarinic recptors can only be inhibitory |
|
Definition
| 1) False: Muscarinic receptors can be excitatory or inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| In nicotonic Ach receptors, the __________ __________ synapses with __________ muscle. |
|
Definition
1) Motor neuron
2) Skeletal |
|
|
Term
| Nicotine mimics the effect of what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ mimics the effect of Ach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ blocks the effect of Ach and causes paralysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of muscarinic receptors and what are they responsible for? |
|
Definition
1) M1: Intestine; closes K channels to depolarize
2) M2: Heart; opens K channels to hyperpolarize |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when the effects of acetlycholine are prolonged? |
|
Definition
1) Muscle spasms
2) Neural frying |
|
|
Term
| Effects of acetylcholine can be prolonged by __________ __________ and __________ __________ (malathion). |
|
Definition
1) Nerve gas
2) Organophosphate insecticides |
|
|
Term
| Ach receptors are destroyed by the patients own antibodies in __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease destroys acetylcholine receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Binding to acetylcholine receptors is inhibited by __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle paralytic agent is responsible for inhibiting binding to acetlycholine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) A muscle paralytic agent |
|
|
Term
| __________ receptors belong to the large super family of seven transmembrane-spanning G protein-coupled receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opioid receptors are activated both by endogenously produced __________ __________ and by exogenously administered __________ __________, some of which are not only among the most effective __________ known but also the most highly addictive drugs of abuse. |
|
Definition
1) Opioid peptides
2) Opiate compounds
3) Analgesics |
|
|
Term
| __________ and __________ are commonly used opioid antagonist drugs which are competitive antagonists that bind to the opioid receptors with higher affinity than antagonists but do not activate the receptors. This effectively blocks the receptors, preventing the body from responding to opiates and endorphins. |
|
Definition
1) Naloxene
2) Naltrexone |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most commonly used opioid antagonist drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps in the inactivation of neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
1) Neurotransmitters can be returned to axon terminals for reuse or transported into glial cells
2) Enzymes inactivate neurotransmitters
3) Neurotransmitters can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft |
|
|
Term
| The removal of a neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft largely depends on the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the removal of acetylcholine, __________ splits acetylcholine into __________ __________ and __________.
Choline is then recycled within the presynaptic neuron. |
|
Definition
1) Acetylcholinesterase
2) Acetic acid
3) Choline |
|
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Term
| In the removal of acetylcholine, what enzyme works to split up acetylcholine? What is the neurotransmitter split into? |
|
Definition
1) Acetylcholinesterase
2) Acetic acid
3) Choline |
|
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Term
| In the removal of norepinephrine, the enzyme __________ __________ breaks down norepinephrine recycling it to the presynaptic neuron or allowing it to diffuse away from the synapse. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What enzyme is responsible for the removal of norepinephrine? Where is the enzyme absorbed after use? |
|
Definition
1) Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
2) Liver |
|
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Term
| What are the steps for the synthesis and recycling of acetylcholine at a synapse? |
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Definition
1) Acetylcholine is made from choline and acetyl coenzyme A
2) In the synaptic cleft acetylcholine is rapidly broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
3) Choline is transported back into the axon terminal and is used to make more acetylcholine |
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Term
| The signal at a synapse can do what to the postsynaptic neuron? |
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Definition
Either:
1) Excite
2) Inhibit |
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Term
| __________ affect the postsynaptic membrane potential. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What factors can alter the postsynaptic membrane potential? |
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Definition
1) The amount of neurotransmitter released
2) The amount of time the neurotransmitter is bound to receptors |
|
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Term
| What are the two types of postsynaptic potentials? |
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Definition
1) EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potentials)
2) IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) |
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Term
| __________ are graded potentials that can initiate an action potential in an axon. |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Graded potentials that can initiate an action potential in an axon |
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Term
| What type of postsynaptic potential uses chemically gated channels? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| True or False: Postsynaptic membranes do not generate action potentials. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| EPSPs bring the resting membrane potential closer to the __________ and therefore closer to an action potential. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What occurs during fast EPSPs? |
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Definition
1) Receptors are ion channels that are opened by neurotransmitter binding
2) Permeable to Na+ and K+; where the Na+ influx is greater than the K+ efflux
3) Net influx of positive charge occurs with brief depolarization |
|
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Term
| What occurs during slow EPSPs? |
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Definition
1) Receptor activates G protein
2) 2nd messenger results in change in channel opening
3) Activation of pKA followed by phosphorylation of K+ channel
4) Closing of K+ channel and depolarization occurs |
|
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Term
Neurotransmitters binding to a receptor at inhibitory synapses cause the membrane to become more permeable to __________ and __________ ions.
Leave the charge on the inner surface more __________ (flow of __________ out) of the cytosol makes the interior more __________ relative to the exterior of the membrane.
Reduces the postsynaptic neuron's ability to produce an __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Potassium
2) Chloride
3) Negative
4) K+
5) Negative
6) Action potential |
|
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Term
| What are the steps of presynaptic inhibition? |
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Definition
1) An excitatory neuron fires
2) An action potential is generated
3) An inhibitory neuron fires, blocking neurotransmitter release at one synapse |
|
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Term
| What are the steps of postsynaptic inhibition? |
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Definition
1) One excitatory and one inhibitory presynaptic neuron fire
2) Modulated signal in the postsynaptic neuron below threshold
3) No action potential is initiated at the trigger zone
4) No response in any target cell |
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Term
| There is roughly 15 mV __________ to reach the __________ for an action potential. |
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Definition
1) Depolarization
2) Threshold |
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Term
| Each EPSP and IPSP prduces __________ mV charge. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Roughly how much charge does an EPSP or IPSP produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| __________ summation is when rapid, repetitive activation of one input summates to threshold whereas __________ summation is when simultaneous activation of several inputs summates to the threshold. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is temporal summation? Spatial? |
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Definition
1) Temporal summation is the rapid repetitive activation of one input to summate to a threshold
2) Spatial summation is the simultaneous activation of several inputs to summate to threshold |
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Term
| Multiple graded potentials are integrated at the __________ __________ to evaluate the necessity of the action potential |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In a __________ __________, many presynaptic neurons converge to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The highly branched dendrites of a __________ __________ demonstrate convergence. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ is a series of impulses in one excitatory fiber together to produce a suprathreshold depolarization that triggers an action potential. |
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Definition
| 1) Temporal excitatory summation |
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ are impulses in two excitatory fibers that cause two synaptic depolarizations that together reach the firing threshold triggering an action potential. |
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Definition
| 1) Spatial excitatory summation |
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Term
| Activity at a synapse induces sustained changes in the quality or quantity of __________; may be related to __________ and __________. |
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Definition
1) Connections
2) Learning
3) Memory |
|
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Term
| What is a key element in potentiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the six steps of long-term potentiation? |
|
Definition
1) Glutamate binds to AMPA and NMDA channels
2) Net Na+ entry through AMPA channels depolarizes the postsynapic cell
3) Depolarization ejects Mg2+ from NMDA receptor-channel and opens the channel
4) Ca2+ enters the cytoplasm through NMDA channel
5) Ca2+ activates second messenger pathways
6) Paracrine from postsynaptic cell enhances glutamate release |
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Term
| The initial segment of an axon can produce frequent, consecutive action potentials if it remains above threshold. What are the requirements for this to occur? |
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Definition
1) The next action potential produced when the absolute refractory period is done
2) If there is enough excitatory stimulation during the relative refractory period of the previous action potential |
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Term
| There is a 0.2-0.5 millisecond delay between the arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob and the effect on the PSM. What is this time reflective of? |
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Definition
| 1) Time involved in the Ca2+ influx and neurotransmitter release |
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Term
| In __________ __________, the synapse remains inactive until the neurotransmitter has been replenished. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the four possible ways in which drugs can interfere with synaptic transmission? |
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Definition
1) Alter the synthesis, axonal transport, storage, or release of a neurotransmitter
2) Modify the neurotransmitter interaction with the postsynaptic receptor
3) Influence the neurotransmitter uptake or destruction
4) Replace a deficient neurotransmitter with a substitute transmitter |
|
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Term
| What are three drugs that alter synaptic transmission? |
|
Definition
1) Cocaine
2) Tetanus toxin
3) Strychnie |
|
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Term
| The coca leaf is a plant that contains vital nutrients in addition to numerous __________, including cocaine. As a result, cocaine interferes with the complex relationships of neurotransmitters (inhibiting __________ uptake) and blocks the reuptake of __________ at presynaptic terminals. |
|
Definition
1) Alkaloids
2) Monoamine
3) Dopamine |
|
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Term
| The __________ __________ prevents the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, affecting skeletal muscles. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| __________ is a bitter poisonous alkaloid that is obtained from nux vomica and related plants of the genus Strychnos and is used as a poison and medicinally as a stimulant of the CNS. Competes with inhibitory neurotransmitter __________ at the postsynaptic receptor site. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What negative effects does cocaine have on synaptic transmission? |
|
Definition
1) Inhibits monoamine uptae
2) Blocks reuptake of dopamine at presynaptic terminals |
|
|
Term
| What negative effects does tetanus toxin have on synaptic transmission? |
|
Definition
| 1) Prevents the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA which affects skeletal muscles |
|
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Term
| What negative effects does strychnine have on synaptic transmission? |
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Definition
| 1) Competes with the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine at postsynaptic receptor sites. |
|
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Term
| __________ __________ means weakness of the muscle. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| __________ __________ is a functional disorder at the synapse between the motor neuron and skeletal muscle; it is an autoimmune disorder. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What autoimmune disease concerns the synapse between the motor neuron and skeletal muscle? Where in the body can it be found? |
|
Definition
1) Myasthenia gravis
2) PNS |
|
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Term
| __________ __________ is a disease characterized by decreased stimulation of the motor cortex by basal ganglia, which is normally caused by the insufficient formation and action of dopamine. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Parkinson's disease? Where in the body is it found? What is it caused by? |
|
Definition
1) Disease characterized by decrease stimulation of the motor cortex by the basal ganlia
2) The CNS
3) The insufficient formation of dopamine |
|
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Term
| __________ is a disease characterized by increase dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is schizophrenia characterized by? Where is it found in the body? |
|
Definition
1) Characterized by increased dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway of the brain
2) The CNS |
|
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Term
| Antibodies block or reduce the number of __________ __________ receptors at neuromuscular junctions, resulting in muscle fatigue. |
|
Definition
| 1) Nicotinic acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| __________ agents promote the activation of dopamine receptors. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ prevent the activation of cholinergic receptors. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is a cholinesterase inhibitor and increases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do anti-seizure medications work? |
|
Definition
| 1) Goal is to decrease propagation of action potentials by decreasing the flow of Na+ and Ca2_ and increases Cl- influx |
|
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Term
| __________ facilitate GABA binding. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Agonistic action on GABA may account for the __________-__________ and __________ properties. |
|
Definition
1) Sedative-hypnotic
2) Anesthetic |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is a complex network of neurons that form the rapid control system of the body. |
|
Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ of the nervous system include consciousness, intelligence, and emotion. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The efferent neurons include __________ __________ __________ which control skeletal muscles, and __________ __________ which control smooth and cardiac muscles, glands, and some adipose tissue. |
|
Definition
1) Somatic motor neurons
2) Autonomic neurons |
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Term
| Material is transported between the cell body and axon terminal by __________ __________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ that can develop into new neurons and glia are found in the ependymal layer as well as in other parts of the nervous system. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The __________ __________ describes the membrane potential of a cell that is permeable to only one ion. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane potential is influenced by the __________ __________ of ions across the membrane and by the __________ of the membrane to those ions. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The permeability of a cell to ions changes when ion channels in the membrane __________ and __________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Gated ion channels in neurons open or close in response to __________ or __________ signals or in response to __________ of the cell membrane; they also close to inactivation. |
|
Definition
1) Chemical
2) Mechanical
3) Depolarization |
|
|
Term
| The wave of depolarization that moves through a cell is known as __________ __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Action potentials begin in the __________ __________ if a single graded potential or the sum of multiple graded potentials exceeds the __________ voltage. |
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Definition
1) Trigger zone
2) Threshold |
|
|
Term
| __________ graded potentials make a neuron more likely to fire an action potential; __________ graded potentials make a neuron less likely to fir an action potential. |
|
Definition
1) Depolarizing
2) Hyperpolarizing |
|
|
Term
| The voltage-gated Na+ channels of the axon have a fast __________ __________ and a slower __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Activation gate
2) Inactivation gate |
|
|
Term
| During the __________ __________ __________, a higher-than-normal graded potential is required to trigger an action potential. |
|
Definition
| 1) Relative refractory period |
|
|
Term
The myelin sheath around an axon speeds up conduction by increasing __________ __________ and decreasing current __________.
__________-diameter axons conduct action potentials faster than __________-diameter axons do. |
|
Definition
1) Membrane resistance
2) Leakage
3) Larger
4) Smaller |
|
|
Term
| The apparent jumping of action potential from node to node is called __________ __________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in blood K+ concentration affect __________ membrane potential and the conduction of __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Resting
2) Action potentials |
|
|
Term
| In __________ __________ an electrical signal passes directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to another through gap junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ use neurotransmitters to carry information from one cell to the next, with the neurotransmitter diffusing across the __________ __________ to bind with receptors on target cells. |
|
Definition
1) Chemical synapses
2) Synaptic cleft |
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter receptors are either __________-__________ __________ __________ (ionotropic receptors) or __________ __________-__________ __________ (metabotropic receptors). |
|
Definition
1) Ligand-gated ion channels
2) Metabotropic receptors |
|
|
Term
| What are three ways in which neurotransmitter action is rapidly terminated? |
|
Definition
1) Reuptake into cells
2) Diffusion away from the synapse
3) Enzymatic breakdown |
|
|
Term
| When a presynaptic neuron synapses on a larger number of postsynaptic neurons, the pattern is known as __________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When several presynaptic neurons provide input to a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons, the pattern is known as __________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Synaptic transmission can be modified in response to activity at the synapse, a process known as __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
G protein-coupled receptors either create __________ __________ __________ or modify cell metabolism.
Ion channels create __________ __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Slow synaptic potentials
2) Fast synaptic potentials |
|
|
Term
| The summation of simultaneous graded potentials from different neurons is known as __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The summation of graded potentials that closely follow each other sequentially is called the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ of an axon terminal allows selective modulation of collaterals and their targets. |
|
Definition
| 1) Presynaptic modulation |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ occurs when a modulatory neuron synapses on a postsynaptic cell body or dendrites. |
|
Definition
| 1) Postsynaptic modulation |
|
|
Term
| __________-__________ __________ and __________-__________ __________ are mechanisms by which neurons change the strength of their synaptic connections. |
|
Definition
1) Long-term potentiation
2) Long-term depression |
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