Term
| List three characteristics of the Andean culture regarding landscape. |
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Definition
1. Variation
2. Adaptation and Modification
3. Inseparability of nature and culture |
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Term
| Name the two mountain ranges in the Andes. |
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Definition
1. Cordillera Negra
2. Cordillera Blanca |
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Term
| List and describe the ecological zones in the Andes. |
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Definition
1. Janca (4800-6768m) High peaks and ridges.
2. Puna (4000-4800m) High grasslands where camelids graze.
3. Suni (3500-4000m) Hills and valleys. Tubers.
4. Quechua/Kichwa (2300-3500) Hills and valleys. Grains, maize and quinoa.
5. Yunga (West: 500-2300; East: 1000-2300)
6. Chala or Coast (0-500m)
7. Upper Selva (400-1000m) Upper Forest
8. Lower Selva (80-400m) Lower Forest |
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Term
| Define and provide an example of "agrobiodiversity". |
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Definition
Definition: Diversifying crops to lower risk and increase reliability.
Examples: Planting different species of tubers. |
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Term
| Define and provide an example of "ecological complementarity". |
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Definition
Definition: One community or polity having control or access to exploit different ecological zones.
Example: The Q'eros using puna pastures, suni for tubers, and the Quechua/kichwa for grains and maize. |
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Term
| What is the date of the earliest Clovis site? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the early occupation dates of Monte Verde? |
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Definition
MVI: 33,000BP - Not reliable
MVII: 12,700-12,000BP - Reliable |
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Term
| Why is it difficult to examine early coastal migration sites that would support Monte Verde? |
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Definition
| They are ephemeral sites and many of them would be underwater now. |
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Term
| What were the six criticisms of Monte Verde? |
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Definition
1. Are the artifacts real?
2. Are the structures real?
3. Is the charcoal real?
4. Is the charcoal contaminated like at Meadowcroft, PA?
5. Was old wood used?
6. Was it a mixture of old charcoal and new artifacts? |
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Term
| What are the early occupation dates of Quebrada Jaguay? |
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Definition
Terminal Pleistocene: 13-11,000BP
Early Holocene: 10-8,000BP |
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Term
| What is Smith's definition of "domestication"? |
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Definition
| Human creation of a new form of plant or animal. One that is identifiably different from wild ancestors and relatives. |
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Term
| Name and date the three earliest domesticated plants in Peru. What were they used for? |
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Definition
1. Squash (9,200BP) - Water gourds
2. Peanuts (8,000BP) - Food
3. Cotton (5,500BP) - Fishing nets |
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Term
| Name the five earliest domesticated animals in the Andes. |
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Definition
1. Llama
2. Alpaca
3. Kuy
4. Ducks
5. Hairless Dogs |
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Term
| Name five characteristics of good plant domestication candidates. |
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Definition
1. Already relied on
2. Must thrive in disturbed soil
3. Grow on a dense stand
4. Seeds tolerate storage
5. High mutation rates and genetic variety |
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Term
| Name five characteristics of good animal domestication candidates. |
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Definition
1. Already relied on
2. High mutation rates and genetic variety
3. Social hierarchies to allow sheparding
4. Must thrive in confined space
5. Can't be picky eaters |
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Term
| List four clues of domestication to look for in plants. |
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Definition
1. Strong seed attachments
2. Seeds bunch at terminal ends
3. Larger seeds
4. Thin seed coats |
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Term
| List four clues of domestication to look for in animals. |
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Definition
1. Larger ratio of females to males
2. Smaller size and more passive
3. Higher infant mortality
4. Defensive horns are smaller |
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Term
| Explain the three ecological zones of Andean plant domestication. What was grown there? |
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Definition
1. High Elevation: Potatoes, minor tubers, quinoa
2. Mid-elevation: Amaranth, coca, beans, tarwi
3. Lowland: Squash, chiles, avocado, tobacco, cotton, manioc, peanuts, sweet potatoes, fruits, papaya, guava |
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Term
| Which ecological elevation zone yielded the most plant domesticates? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the Late Preceramic Period? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the Initial Period? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of sites were in the coastal region during the Late Preceramic? What were their economies? |
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Definition
Beach sites: fish, shellfish, anchovies, salt
Inland sites: floodplain agriculture; cotton, gourds, beans, chiles, fruits |
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Term
| True or False: Late Preceramic beach sites relied solely on seafood for subsistence. |
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Definition
| False: Beach sites were capable of minimal floodplain agriculture (especially during El Niño) and also traded with inland sites for produce. |
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Term
| Explain what you might examine to decide where a bead was produced. |
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Definition
1. Style
2. Raw material
3. Technological style |
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Term
| Name four Late Preceramic coastal sites and something significant about each one. |
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Definition
Aspero (child sacrifices), Salinas de Chao (salt), Huaca Prieta (pyroengraving)
Caral (location with modern canals) |
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Term
| How large were sites typically during the Late Preceramic? |
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Definition
1000-3000 people, 8-12 hectares
Salinas de Chao: 8 ha
Aspero: 12 ha
Caral: 65 ha (but likely built up over time) |
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Term
| Explain the "Maritime Subsistence Hypothesis". |
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Definition
After examining Aspero, Mosely suggested that early populated sites could flourish on a seafood-based economy instead of the traditionally accepted agricultural foundation. The hypothesis is flawed, however, since poor plant preservation causes a skewed representation of fish remains.
Caral, which was excavated later, displayed large amounts of agriculture despite being a coastal site. |
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Term
| List four Initial Period sites in the Casma Valley. |
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Definition
1. Pampa de Las Llamas/Moxeke
2. Sechin Alto
3. Cerro Sechin
4. Taukachi Kon Kan |
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Term
| What is significant about Taukachi Kon Kan? |
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Definition
| Pozorski and Pozorski claim that it has an elite domestic house, despite there being no domestic remains or garbage. |
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Term
| What is significant about Sechin Alto? |
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Definition
| Largest construction in the New World at the time and it used large stone blocks which required more labor and organization than the shikra system. |
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Term
| What is significant about Cerro Sechin? |
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Definition
| It has over 400 stone relief sculptures of victors and victims. Burger suggests that it portrays a myth instead of a real battle, but all myths are based on something. |
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Term
| What is significant about Pampa de Las Llamas/Moxeke? |
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Definition
Two huacas: Moxeke and Huaca A
Signs of storage in Huaca A: rodent bones, turquoise, textiles, potato pollen.
Restricted access which Pozorski claims as sign of elite control. Burger says it is communal storage. |
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