Term
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Definition
| Sense: touch. Instantaneous. Fast adaptation. Small receptive field. |
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Definition
| Near skinsurface, respond to pressure, adapt slowly, small receptive field. Useful for braille. |
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Term
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Definition
| detects "stretch". adapt slowly. large receptive field. present in JOINTS, provide info about joint extension |
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Term
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Definition
| detect vibration, adapt quickly, large receptive fields |
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Term
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Definition
| act as nocireceptors, pain, temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| react when bent RELATIVE TO AFFERENT AXON, opens ions channel (actin bound?) |
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Term
| Adaptation in Somatosensory sensors |
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Definition
-some stimuli cease to be important after a while
-continuously sensing an old stimulus would be maladaptive
-this is why when trying to identify something by "touch" you have to MOVE it around in your hand |
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Term
| Pathway for Somatosensory Information |
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Definition
| dorsal root ganglion--> some info synapses into spinothalamic tract, also to the reflexes--> dorsal columns (precise touch, kinesthesia)--> pain decussates IMMEDIATELY--> sensation decussates at medulla-->rejoin at medial lemniscus-->ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus--> primary somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe |
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Term
| Reason for high innervation of lip area |
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Definition
-adaptive function for food detection and discrimination.
-pin-point discrimination tests prove this is a highly innervated zone. Large areas of the homonculus are dedicated to this zone. |
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Term
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Definition
| slowly adapting mechanoreceptive fibers are intertwined around special fibers in muscle for proprioception |
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Term
| Free Nerve Endings and Noxious Response at the Extremes |
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Definition
| 1. Extremely high cieling. Free nerve endings continue to respond under intense pressure. |
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Term
| Free Nerve Endings and Heat |
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Definition
| Free nerve endings can provide a noxious response for acids, bases, capsaicin, and high temperatures. |
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Term
| Free Nerve endings and traumatic injury |
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Definition
| free nerve endings provide noxious response in muscle damage, inflammation, and migraine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Small Fibre, Large Fibre, and the Substantia Gelatinosa |
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Definition
| small fibres carry painful info, large fibres carry other types of sensory info, if only small fibers are active, substantia gelatinosa ("gate") is open and pain is sensed. if large fibers are active, the gate is more resistant to opening. |
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Term
| Localization of Gustation on the tongue |
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Definition
| gustation is not specific. Salty, for example, is sensed in one area more than another, however salty is STILL sensed throughout the tongue. |
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Term
| Texturization of the tongue |
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Definition
| gustatoreceptors are located deep inside canals below the surface of the tongue |
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Term
| Direct Binding of the salt receptor |
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Definition
| salty buds directly cross in to receptor and depolarize it, generating an action potential (IONOTROPIC) |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with Hydrogen ions. H+ will bind to a channel on a receptor cell, and close a potassium channel. K+ ca't escape, depolarizing the cell, causing an action potential. (ionotropic) |
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Term
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Definition
| (metabotropic) metabotropic substance binds w/ protein on receptor, activates 2 proteins, destroys cyclic AMP, depolarizes cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabotropic. 2 proteins that increase cyclicAMP, opens CA++ channels, allow release of neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| responds best to monosodium glutamate, naturally present in meats and other foods, we know little about the umami mechanism but it may be that buds have surface protein specific to glutamate. |
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Term
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Definition
| use glossopharyngeal cranial nerve--> nucleus of the solitary tract-->amygdala, hypothalamus, and ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus--> primary gustatory cortex in the insula (fissure near the ventral parietal/dorsal temporal lobe) |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of the 9th cranial nerve that goes to the gustatory cortex and assists in flavor recognition |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| olfactory epithelium--> olfactory bulb/cranial nerve I-->amygdala, entorhinal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and thalamus |
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Term
| Olfactory reception and the olfactory bulb |
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Definition
| each olfactory receptor sends a single axon to olfactory bulb. Once there, info synapses with GLOMERULUS, then MITRAL CELLS, glomerulus are specific to certain receptors (integrate!), mitral cells send info to brain |
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Term
| Recording of olfaction in the brain |
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Definition
| not much is known about how odors are recorded, it seems that particular glomeruli receive info from specific olfactory receptors, this info is then sent to specific regions of the olfactory cortex. There seems to be an "olfactotropic" map of how many of X molecules are present in the air for any given odor. |
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Term
| Convergence in gustation and olfaction |
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Definition
| info binds to tongue and olfaction at the same time, and brain integrates both to perform both. People unable to smell become depressed (fun fact?) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reticular formation, posterior thalamus, basal ganglia, association cortices, superior colliculus |
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Term
| Layering in the superior colliculus |
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Definition
| layers 1-2-3 receive input from unimodal sensory association areas, input from motor areas. Layers 4-5-6-7- have about half unimodal neurons and half multimodal, integrate these and create an overlapping sensory map |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition where a physical stimulus evokes a sensation not justified by the physical information present. |
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Term
| Grapheme-Color synaesthesia |
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Definition
| specific letters/digits correspond to specific colors. Color evoked = photism |
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