Term
| How does Al affect the H-ion concentration in the soil solution? |
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Definition
1) It is very highly toxic to most organisms and is responsible for most of the deleterious impact of soil acidity on plants and aquatic animals.
2) have a strong tendency to hydrolyze, splitting water molecules into H+ and OH- ions. The aluminum combines with the OH- ions, leaving the H+ to lower the pH of the soil solution |
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Term
This pool is very small compared to the other two major pools of acidity (only takes about 2 kg of calcium carbonate to neutralize the active acidity in the upper 15 cm of a hectare of an average mineral soil at pH 4 and 20% moisture. Although, its gene pool is not as large as the other two it is still very important. It determines the solubility of many substances and provides the soil solution environment to which plant roots and microbes are exposed.
A) Active Acidity
B) Residual/Exchangeable Acidity
C) Exchangeable Acidity |
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Definition
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Term
This pool of acidity is far greater than the other two. The amount of ground limestone recommended to at least partly neutralize this acidity in the upper 15 cm of soil is commonly 5 to 10 metric tons (Mg) per hectare (2.25 to 4.5 tons per acre).
A) Active Acidity
B) Residual Acidity
C) Exchangeable Acidity |
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Definition
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Term
This pool of acidity is primarily associated with exchangeable aluminum and hydrogen ions that are present in large quantities in very acidic soils. These ions can be released into the soil solution by cation exchange with an unbuffered salt.
A) Active Acidity
B) Residual Acidity
C) Exchangeable Acidity |
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Definition
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Term
This is the ability of a soil to resist change?
A) Colluvial
B) Hydrostatic +
C)Bulk Density
D) Buffering
E) Flaculating Agent
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Definition
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Term
| Why is buffering important in soil? |
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Definition
| The buffer capacity of a soil is important in determining how its pH will change. |
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Term
| How does the soil CEC affect the soil buffering capacity? |
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Definition
| the higher the CEC the more it takes to change the soil pH |
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Term
| Can a person determine the amount of lime to apply to a soil from a pH measurement? Explain. |
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Definition
| yes, By calibrating pH changes in the buffered solution with known amounts of acid, the amount of lime required to bring the soil to a particular pH can be determined. |
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Term
| How does pH affect nutrient availability? |
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Definition
| Nutrients in soil are strongly affected by soil pH due to reactions with soil particles and other nutrients, so in fact the availability of many nutrients has been determined as a function of soil pH. At the original pH of muck soils, total concentrations of phosphorus and micronutrients were too low to support crops, thus the need for supplemental fertilization. Most micronutrients and P are readily available to crops at low pH values, but P and micronutrient availability are optimal at pH values below the current pH of most muck soils. The problem is not so much that total nutrient concentrations are low but rather their availability to plants is too low. Although micronutrients differ somewhat in the response to pH, all show decreased availability with increasing pH at values commonly observed in most muck soils. Thus, the muck soils are increasingly developing conditions where most applied fertilizer nutrients are being made less and less available to crops. |
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Term
| Should all soils be limed? Explain answer in relation to various crops. |
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Definition
| No, it all depends on what your soil pH is and what crops you want to grow to see if you need to use lime or not. If your soil pH is below 5 and you are wanting to grow higher pH crops, such as alfalfa, sweet clover and asparagus you should add lime, but if you are wanting to grow low pH crops like Blueberries or cranberries do not add lime. |
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Term
| What problems occur by over liming? |
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Definition
| 1) too much lime will make pH go unduly high which can tie can lead to deficiencies of iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and sometimes boron. |
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Term
| What are the 2 methods of determining pH? |
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Definition
1) Colormetric
2) Electrometric |
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Term
This pH measurement involves stains or dyes (litmus paper), and it is very accurate for 1st 3 years (after 3 years not so accurate, so need to change chemicals every 3 to 4 years).
A) Colormetric
B) Electrometric |
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Definition
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Term
This pH measurement involves the use of pH meters, and it is more accurate and more expensive than the other method?
A) Colormatric
B) Electrometric |
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Definition
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Term
| List some materials for intensifying soil acidity. |
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Definition
Peat
Pine Needles
Compost
Iron Sulfate
Sulfur
Acid forming fertilizers |
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Term
| List some materials for increasing soil pH. |
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Definition
Limestone (calcitic, dolomitic)
CaO; quick lime
Ca(OH)2
MgO
Basic fertilizers (KNO3, CaNO3, CaH2PO4)
Compost high in Ca or Mg (oak leaves have a lot of calcium)
Animal Manures |
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Term
| Is Nitrogen a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Phosphorus a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Potassium a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Calcium a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Magnesium a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Sulfur a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Iron a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Manganese a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Zinc a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Boron a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Copper a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Chlorine a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Molybdenum a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Nickel a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Cobalt a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Sodium a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Silicon a micro or macro nutrient? |
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Definition
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Term
| What plant nutrients are found in the soil primarily as organic matter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What major problem can occur with many micronutrients at low soil pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are all micronutrients more available to plants under acidic (pHs) soil conditions? Explain. |
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Definition
| no, but Mo (molybdenum) is the only micronutrient that is more available at higher pH's. |
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Term
| What 2 methods can be used to correct an iron deficiency problem in blueberry plants? |
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Definition
1) adding elemental sulfur which yields relatively quick results
2) adding nitrogen fertilizers which act more slowly |
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Term
| Should all soils be neutralized (pH ='s 7.0)? Explain. |
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Definition
| no, depending on the crops you want to produce some crops grow better at a high pH and some at a low pH. |
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Term
| Why does the pH increase in soils during the winter months? |
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Definition
| there is more water and cooler temperatures which makes the microbes less active. |
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Term
| Why does the pH lower in the summer months? |
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Definition
| in the summer there is less water so the hydrogen is more concentrated which lowers the pH. |
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Term
The greatest buffering capacity of soils occurs at what percent saturation?
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 90% |
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Definition
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Term
| (Lower/Higher) CEC ='s higher buffering capacity. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Cation Exchange Capacity acts to buffer the soil. |
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Definition
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Term
How much time should you allow for pH change to take place?
A) 3 months
B) 6 months
D) 12 months
E) 24 months |
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Definition
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Term
| Our chemical fertilizers are ____________ based. |
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Definition
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Term
| Does ammonium increase or decrease the soils pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| This is the measuring of active hydrogen in a soil solution? |
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Definition
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Term
What 3 micronutrients are not required by all plants?
A) Iron
B) Manganese
C) Zinc
D) Sodium
D) Copper
E) Chlorine
F) Molybdenum
G) Cobalt
H) Nickel
I) Boron
J) Silicon |
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Definition
D) Sodium
G) Cobalt
J) Silicon |
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Term
This is the most micro of the micro nutrients. It only takes about 6 ounces per acre to supply the essential nutrients.
A) Iron
B) Manganese
C) Zinc
D) Sodium
D) Copper
E) Chlorine
F) Molybdenum
G) Cobalt
H) Nickel
I) Boron
J) Silicon |
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Definition
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Term
What are the three essential elements that a plant can't complete its cycle without?
A) Iron
B) Phosphorus
C) Zinc
D) Sodium
E) Potassium
F) Nitrogen
G) Molybdenum
H) Cobalt
I) Hydrogen
J) Boron
K) Silicon
L) Carbon
M) Manganese
N) Copper
O) Nickel
P) Oxygen |
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Definition
I) Hydrogen
L) Carbon
P) Oxygen |
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Term
What are the three basic cations found in soils?
A) Nitrogen
B) Sulfur
C) Calcium
D) Potassium
E) Phosphorus
F) Magnesium |
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Definition
C) Calcium
D) Potassium
F) Magnesium |
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Term
| This includes any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin which is added to soil, soil mixtures, or solution to supplement nutrients and is claimed to contain one or more essential plant nutrients. |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: Fertilizer includes un-manipulated animal and vegetable manure and agriculture liming materials used to reduce soil acidity. |
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Definition
| False, it does not include these |
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Term
| This is a material containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fertilizer grade is the minimum guarantee of plant nutrients in terms of these three things: |
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Definition
1) % total Nitrogen (% N)
2) % available Phosphate (% P2O5)
3) % soluble potash (% K2O) |
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Term
| What three things need to be on a fertilizer container? |
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Definition
1) The height weight of the container
2) The fertilizer grade (% N, % P2O5, % K2O)
3) Manufacture or who is guaranteeing the fertilizer |
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Term
| In this example: 46-0-0, what is the # 46 representing? |
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Definition
| % Nitrogen in container by weight |
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Term
| In this example: 0-20-0, what is the # 20 representing? |
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Definition
| % Phosphate in container by weight |
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Term
| In this example: 0-0-52, what is the # 52 representing? |
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Definition
| % Soluble Potash in container by weight |
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Term
| What 4 ways are fertilizers sold as: |
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Definition
1) Dry-Pellets
2) Liquids
3) Suspensions
4) Gases |
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Term
| In what form are dry fertilizers sold? |
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Definition
1) Bagged or boxed
2) Bulk Blends |
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Term
| In what form are liquid fertilizers sold? |
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Definition
1) Concentrates
2) Chelates |
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Term
| In what form is gas fertilizers sold? |
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Definition
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Term
| These are mostly micronutrients which are an organic molecule attached to inorganic compounds; it doesn't leach out. |
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Definition
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Term
| (Reduction/Oxidation) is the gain of electrons. |
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Definition
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Term
| (Reduction/Oxidation) is the loss of electrons. |
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Definition
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Term
| This is the conversion from organic to inorganic form so the plant roots can take it up. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most widely used and abused fertilizers? |
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Definition
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Term
| (True or False) Additions of limestone will lower the hydrogen concentration in the soil solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| (True or False) A soil pH of 5.2 is 100 times more acidic than a soil with a pH of 7.2. |
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Definition
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Term
| (True or False) Micronutrients are less essential than macronutrients for plant growth. |
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Definition
| False, they are both of equal essent, you just do not need as much of micronutrients |
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Term
| (True or False) A soil with a [H] of 0.00000281 will have a pH of 6.24. |
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Definition
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Term
| (True or False) Reserve (absorbed) hydrogen is expressed on the Missouri soil test report as naturalizable acidity. |
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Definition
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Term
| (True or False) Soil pH measures the concentration of all acid-forming (i.e. H+, Al3+, NH4+, S6+) ions in the soil solution. |
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Definition
| False, it only measures hydrogen |
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Term
| (True or False) A soil with a pH of 4.85 will have a pOH of 8.15. |
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Definition
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Term
| (True or False) All soils should be neutralized in order to produce high yields of quality crops. |
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Definition
| False, some crops grow better in acidic soils and others in more basic soils. |
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Term
| (True or False) Active (solution) hydrogen in the soil is measured as soil pH. |
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Definition
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Term
| (True or False) A pHs of 4.6 and a pH of 5.0 are equivalent in terms of hydrogen-ion concentration. |
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Definition
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