Term
|
Definition
-Anchor medium for plants; provides support to the plant
-Water reservoir for plant growth
-Exchange site for nutrients required for plant growth |
|
|
Term
| the 5 factors of soil formation |
|
Definition
-Parent material
-Climate
-Living organisms
-Topography
-Time |
|
|
Term
| depiction of how rock is weathered to form soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metamorphic rocks formed by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sedimentary rocks formed by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Silica combines with ______ in oxides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a steep slope or long cliff that occurs from faulting and resulting erosion and separates two relatively level areas of differing elevations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any glacially formedAny glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soilAny glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions |
|
|
Term
| water's rome in forming soil |
|
Definition
| The hydraulic effects of flowing water, such as in rivers and streams, will break down rocks to parent material for soil formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Piedmont soils
-Formed in place from the rock-derived parent material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Coastal plains, river beds
-Particles are transported from their origin to a new geographic location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wind transported; forms sand dunes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soils transported by water |
|
|
Term
| why mollisols are rich in OM |
|
Definition
| because of the decay of grass roots and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the final stage of the decomposition of organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the final stage of the decomposition of organic matter |
|
|
Term
| how natural vegetation can influence the type of soil |
|
Definition
| differences in the distribution of organic matter in the upper part of the soil profile |
|
|
Term
| description of the top layer of a forested soil |
|
Definition
| Forested soil exhibits surface layers (O horizons) of leaves and twigs in various stages of decomposition, along with a thin, mineral A horizon |
|
|
Term
| how grass affects the soil profile in grassland soil |
|
Definition
| Most of the organic matter in the grassland is added as fine roots distributed throughout the upper 1 m or so, creating a thick, mineral A horizon |
|
|
Term
| which soil is more acidic and more leached? forested or grassland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which soil has more organic matter? that under grasslands or that under forests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic layer in forest soils made of... |
|
Definition
| leaves and twigs and such |
|
|
Term
| More organic matter in grassland thanks in part to... |
|
Definition
| grass having less lignin and lower C:N ratio |
|
|
Term
| why soils under forests are acid in nature |
|
Definition
| because of roots secreting acid |
|
|
Term
| why grasses are important in the environmental protection of soils |
|
Definition
| because grass roots hold soil in place, even sand |
|
|
Term
| one distinguishing characteristic of histosols |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where histosols are often found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why histosols have such high OM content |
|
Definition
| because the flooded places they're found in have no air getting to the soil, such that the OM doesn’t decompose |
|
|
Term
| why Cecil soil aggregates better than Tifton soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Tifton soil is yellow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some physical properties of soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of soil particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macropores (coarse texture) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How particles are held together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes temporary cementing? |
|
Definition
-bacterial gums
-fungal mycelium |
|
|
Term
| what causes permanent cementing? |
|
Definition
| humus from organic matter |
|
|
Term
| the four major components of soils |
|
Definition
-Minerals
‑Organic Matter
‑Water
‑Air |
|
|
Term
| chart showing the general composition of most soils (except for histosols) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of soil mass taken up by minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of soil mass taken up by organic matter |
|
Definition
| 0-5% (except for histosols) |
|
|
Term
| % of soil volume taken up by air and water |
|
Definition
| Air and water make up about 50% of soil volume – but this can vary from <40 to >60 depending on the soil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Anchor medium for plants; provides support to the plant
-Water reservoir for plant growth
-Exchange site for nutrients required for plant growth |
|
|
Term
| the 5 factors of soil formation |
|
Definition
-Parent material
-Climate
-Living organisms
-Topography
-Time |
|
|
Term
| depiction of how rock is weathered to form soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metamorphic rocks formed by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sedimentary rocks formed by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Silica combines with ______ in oxides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a steep slope or long cliff that occurs from faulting and resulting erosion and separates two relatively level areas of differing elevations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any glacially formedAny glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soilAny glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions |
|
|
Term
| water's rome in forming soil |
|
Definition
| The hydraulic effects of flowing water, such as in rivers and streams, will break down rocks to parent material for soil formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Piedmont soils
-Formed in place from the rock-derived parent material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Coastal plains, river beds
-Particles are transported from their origin to a new geographic location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wind transported; forms sand dunes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soils transported by water |
|
|
Term
| why mollisols are rich in OM |
|
Definition
| because of the decay of grass roots and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the final stage of the decomposition of organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the final stage of the decomposition of organic matter |
|
|
Term
| how natural vegetation can influence the type of soil |
|
Definition
| differences in the distribution of organic matter in the upper part of the soil profile |
|
|
Term
| description of the top layer of a forested soil |
|
Definition
| Forested soil exhibits surface layers (O horizons) of leaves and twigs in various stages of decomposition, along with a thin, mineral A horizon |
|
|
Term
| how grass affects the soil profile in grassland soil |
|
Definition
| Most of the organic matter in the grassland is added as fine roots distributed throughout the upper 1 m or so, creating a thick, mineral A horizon |
|
|
Term
| which soil is more acidic and more leached? forested or grassland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which soil has more organic matter? that under grasslands or that under forests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic layer in forest soils made of... |
|
Definition
| leaves and twigs and such |
|
|
Term
| More organic matter in grassland thanks in part to... |
|
Definition
| grass having less lignin and lower C:N ratio |
|
|
Term
| why soils under forests are acid in nature |
|
Definition
| because of roots secreting acid |
|
|
Term
| why grasses are important in the environmental protection of soils |
|
Definition
| because grass roots hold soil in place, even sand |
|
|
Term
| one distinguishing characteristic of histosols |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where histosols are often found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why histosols have such high OM content |
|
Definition
| because the flooded places they're found in have no air getting to the soil, such that the OM doesn’t decompose |
|
|
Term
| why Cecil soil aggregates better than Tifton soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Tifton soil is yellow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some physical properties of soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of soil particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macropores (coarse texture) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How particles are held together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes temporary cementing? |
|
Definition
-bacterial gums
-fungal mycelium |
|
|
Term
| what causes permanent cementing? |
|
Definition
| humus from organic matter |
|
|
Term
| the four major components of soils |
|
Definition
-Minerals
‑Organic Matter
‑Water
‑Air |
|
|
Term
| chart showing the general composition of most soils (except for histosols) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of soil mass taken up by minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of soil mass taken up by organic matter |
|
Definition
| 0-5% (except for histosols) |
|
|
Term
| % of soil volume taken up by air and water |
|
Definition
| Air and water make up about 50% of soil volume – but this can vary from <40 to >60 depending on the soil. |
|
|
Term
| the soil texture triangle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the soil texture triangle |
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 12?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| size of stone and gravel particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some properties of soil that can be affected by soil texture |
|
Definition
-permeability to air
-water holding capacity
-nutrient holding capacity
-compaction potential |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects permeability to air |
|
Definition
| Sands are permeable; clays are not |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects water holding capacity |
|
Definition
| Sands low; clays high (lots of surface area) |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects nutrient holding capacity |
|
Definition
Sands low; clays vary in nutrient holding capacity
this is largely a matter of CEC |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects compaction potential |
|
Definition
| Sands low; clays high (that is, clays are more likely to compact than sands) |
|
|
Term
| surface area per g of sand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surface area per g of silt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surface area per g of clay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arrangement of individual soil particles |
|
|
Term
| why good soil structure is important |
|
Definition
-adequate aeration
-water permeability (low runoff and erosion)
-good seedbed |
|
|
Term
| Main features of soil structure |
|
Definition
-arrangement of particles into aggregates
-stability of aggregates when exposed to water |
|
|
Term
| why the arrangement of particles into aggregates is important |
|
Definition
| because this can form pores for water and air and channels connecting pores |
|
|
Term
| how organic matter improves soil structure |
|
Definition
| increases aggregate stability |
|
|
Term
| why lignin is hard to break |
|
Definition
| because of all the chains and no repeating structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the volume of soil voids that can be filled by water and/or air |
|
|
Term
| how soil porosity is measured |
|
Definition
Measured as bulk density:
-It is inversely related to bulk density
-High bulk density = low porosity |
|
|
Term
| porosity vs. bulk density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of OM on bulk density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how cultivation ruins soil structure |
|
Definition
| Generally, cultivation decreases porosity, breaks down aggregates, and increases decomposition of organic matter. |
|
|
Term
| chart showing the various porosities for various textures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart showing soil water content at different textures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of water retained in soil after infiltration; this is the water held against gravity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point where the plant can no longer get water from the soil; this is the permanent wilting point; this is when the plant can no longer pump water into it |
|
|
Term
| why the wilting coefficient is higher in clay soils than in sandy soils |
|
Definition
| because clay particles hold on to water more tightly than sand |
|
|
Term
| why the water and air held in the macropores is more important |
|
Definition
| because the water and air in the macropores is more accessible to plants |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Organic Matter on Pore Space |
|
Definition
| increases macropores and decreases micropores |
|
|
Term
| something OM can improve in clays |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something OM can improve in sands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most clay minerals are described as... |
|
Definition
| hydrous alumino- silicates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-silicate clays
-hydrous oxides |
|
|
Term
| some types of silicate clays |
|
Definition
-kaolinite
-illite
-montmorillonite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hydrous oxides are oxides of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when hydrous oxides persist in soils |
|
Definition
| after silica has leached out |
|
|
Term
| Clays are minerals made of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structurally, the clay minerals are composed of planes of cations, arranged in sheets, which may be tetrahedrally or octahedrally coordinated (with oxygen) |
|
|
Term
| depiction of the general structure of clays between sheets of clay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of a 1:1 clay like kaolinite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how aggregation decreases porosity |
|
Definition
| because more large pores are present as compared to single clay and silt particles that are associated with smaller pores. |
|
|
Term
| why H bonds are strong enough between sheets of clay |
|
Definition
| because they're very small |
|
|
Term
| the structure of kaolinite as it relates to cations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of kaolinite |
|
Definition
-Compacted clay lattices
-Held together by H bonds (-H….OH-)
-Little movement of other ions in and out of interior surfaces
-Creates thick particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is kaolinite expanding or non-expanding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of montmorillonite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what holds the sheets of montmorillonite together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of montmorillonite as it pertains to cations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hydrated cations do to montmorillonite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what large cations do to montmorillonite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of montmorillonite |
|
Definition
-2:1 expanding clay
-Open clay lattices
-Loosely held together by cations and water
-A lot of movement of other things in and out of interior surfaces. |
|
|
Term
| picture of montmorillonite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of illite |
|
Definition
-2:1 non-expanding clay
-Clay lattices held together by K and H.
-K not plant available except by weathering
-Not as tight as kaolinite, but much tighter than montmorillonite
-Not much movement of other things in and out of interior surfaces |
|
|
Term
| why the K in illite is not plant available |
|
Definition
| because it’s part of the structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why K can get into illite, but larger cations can't |
|
Definition
| because the clay lattices are close enough such that larger ions and water can not move in and out |
|
|
Term
| structure of illite as it relates to cations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things that can cause clay hard pans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what too much compaction does to soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the texture typical Georgia soil has |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of texture typical Illinois soil has |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the clay in typical Georgia soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the clay in typical Illinois soil |
|
Definition
1‑2% kaolinite
60% montmorillonite
35‑38% illite
0% hydrous oxides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Silicate clays and humus are negatively charged
-Therefore, positively charged ions (cations) will bind
-If these ions are not bound too tightly, they can be exchanged with the soil solution and made available to plants |
|
|
Term
| CEC of humus (organic matter) |
|
Definition
average: 200 meq/100g
range: 100-300 meq/100g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
average: 80 meq/100g
range: 60-100 meq/100g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
average: 80 meq/100g
range: 20-40 meq/100g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
average: 8 meq/100g
range: 3-15 meq/100g |
|
|
Term
| CEC of a soil depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what minerals define soil pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why pH is important in soil |
|
Definition
| because it affects the solubility of elements in soil |
|
|
Term
| why Al is a problem in soil |
|
Definition
| because it's toxic to plants |
|
|
Term
| chart showing solubility of certain elements at various pH's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart showing how pH affects Al c'tration in soil solution and root growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 12?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 13?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the relationship between forage legumes and pH |
|
Definition
| very dependent on pH; alfalfa tends to produce better at pH 6.5-7.5 |
|
|
Term
| soil texture in which you need more lime |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some macronutrients of interest in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some micronutrients of interest in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of how OM can be actively manipulated by management |
|
Definition
-tillage “burns up” OM
-perennial plants add OM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how perennial plants can benefit soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the importance of OM in the nutritional sense |
|
Definition
| directly as source of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| the importance of OM in the biological sense |
|
Definition
-stimulates macro- and microorganism growth and function
-indirectly affects plant nutrition |
|
|
Term
| the importance of OM in the physical sense |
|
Definition
-improves soil structure – greater aggregate stability, improved porosity, greater aeration, better water holding capacity, improved infiltration
-improves soil cation exchange capacity |
|
|
Term
| something you can't expect w/o soil OM |
|
Definition
|
|
