Term
| Acidic, Neutral, or Basic: What has a soil pH from 0 to below 7.0? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acidic, Neutral, or Basic: What has a pH of 7.0? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acidic, Neutral, or Basic: What has a pH of 7.1-14.0? |
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Definition
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Term
| In pH, what does the "p" stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| In pH, what does the "H" stand for? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen ion concentration |
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Term
| The most acidic soils generally have a pH around what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most basic soils generally have pH around what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What results from the interaction of soil minerals, ions in solution, and cation exchange? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is caused by the reaction of water and basic compounds of calcium, magnesium, and sodium forming hydroxide ions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is caused by the percolation of mildly acidic water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of pH do young soils generally have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do rainfall, plant respiration, nitrification, and decay cause basic or acidic soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does element toxicity due to plant roots? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common thing added to raise the pH of soils? |
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Definition
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Term
| What works by an anion base neutralizing acidity by accepting hydrogen ions from the soil solution and making them part of water molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What test is determining lime needs based on average calcitic limestone/calcium carbonate? |
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Definition
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Term
| The smaller the lime particles... |
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Definition
| the faster they neutralize acidity (due to larger surface area) |
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Term
| What depth should you exceed to get soil cores for trees and shrubs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is mostly used for long lasting pH reduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of soil pH is common in humid environments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of soil pH is in arid regions? |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater the salt content, the _______ the electrical current? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is lower in the kinds of salts found in saline soils, but is high in sodium? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6.8 to 7.2 is considered what type of ph? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F We have a lot of free lime in Iowa's soils. |
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Definition
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Term
| What buffers the soil against pH changes by neutralizing acids added to the soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the biggest downside to using aluminum sulfate to lower pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 4 ways to lower soil pH? |
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Definition
| Use elemental sulfur, aluminum sulfate, canadian sphagnum peat moss, and fertilizers (especially ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, or urea) |
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Term
| What's another name for lime? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sand, Silt, or Clay. Which has the highest cation exchange capacity (CEC)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's a laboratory test that measures the responsiveness of the soil to lime applications? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pH range makes nitrogen most available? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 minerals are the most available in a neutral pH range? |
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Definition
| Nitrogen and (phosphorus (also available in strongly alkaline soils)) |
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Term
| What 2 minerals are the most available in a neutral pH to strongly alkaline soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 minerals are the most available in slightly alkaline to very alkaline soils? |
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Definition
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Term
| What mineral is mostly available in strongly acidic soils? |
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Definition
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Term
| What mineral is most available in strongly alkaline soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 4 minerals are most available in slightly to medium acidic soil? |
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Definition
| Manganese, copper, zinc, and (boron (also is available in strongly alkaline soils)) |
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Term
| What percent of plants are made up of mineral elements? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: N (Macronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: K (Macronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: Ca (Secondary macronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: Mg (Secondary macronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: P (Macronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: Fe (Micronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: Zn (Micronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is nutrients "sticking" to soil surface CEC? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is nutrients being taken up by the plant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 reasons a plant would have low nutrient availability chemically? |
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Definition
| Wrong form and wrong concentration |
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Term
| What type of nutrient availability is fertilizer placement and mobile nutrients? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lack of oxygen in soil and growth pattern of the plant affects what type of nutrient availability? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ability of soil to supply nutrients for plant growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: All elements that plants can take in contribute to plant growth. |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of plant weight is water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 3 elements are taken in from air? |
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Definition
| Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen |
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Term
| Element Name: S (Secondary macronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are calcium, magnesium, and sulfur considered secondary macronutrients? |
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Definition
| They are mostly found in soils and less amounts are used |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: B (Micronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: Cu (Micronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: Cl (Micronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: Mn (Micronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: Mo (Micronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: Ni (Micronutrient) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: Na (Beneficial element) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: Si (Beneficial element) |
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Definition
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Term
| Element Name: Co (Beneficial element) |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Micronutrients are considered as important as macronutrients. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 pools of plant nutrients? |
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Definition
| Soil minerals, organic matter, adsorbed nutrients, and soil solution (dissolved ions) |
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Term
| What nutrient pool is the longest term storage and weathering releases them over time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Minerals are the major source of all soil-supplied nutrients, except for what element? |
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Definition
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Term
| What element is in the highest concentration in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nutrient pool is intermediate to long-term storage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nutrient pool is the most readily absorbed? |
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Definition
| Soil solution/dissolved ions |
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Term
| What is the process of soil minerals being released into the soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's it called when soil minerals form new, less soluble compounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are tiny clay and humus particles that carry a slight electric charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process of making elements in organic matter into plant-useable forms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a flat, platelike crystal made of many layers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cations or Anions: Attached to CEC |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the interchange between a cation in solution and another cation on the surface of any negatively charged material such as clay or organic matter? |
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Definition
| Cation exchange capacity (CEC) |
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Term
| What type of nutrient uptake doesn't cost the plant energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of nutrient uptake costs plants energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you want to increase CEC in a potted plant, what should you add? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you want to increase CEC in garden plants, what should you add? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 ways that roots take in nutrients? |
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Definition
| Root interception, mass flow, and diffusion |
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Term
| T/F: Root growth is the main way roots take in nutrients. |
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Definition
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Term
| What method of nutrient uptake by roots is watering the plant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What root nutrient uptake method involves transpiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the movement of ions from high to low concentration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important method of root nutrient uptake? |
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Definition
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Term
| Humus/Organic matter, layer silicate clays, and oxide clays are considered what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What element moves mostly through diffusion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the ideal pH range for most plants in Iowa? |
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Definition
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Term
| When should you try to change the pH in soil? |
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Definition
| Before the plants are planted |
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Term
| What is the biggest downside to using sulfur to acidify soil? |
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Definition
| It takes 3-6 months to start working |
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Term
| What is the only type of peat moss that effectively lowers soil pH? |
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Definition
| Canadian sphagnum peat moss |
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Term
| What is often used as a fertilizer to supply additional calcium or sulfur to the soil when no pH change is desired? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the cheapest way to acidify soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acidic or Alkaline soil: Can use gypsum |
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Definition
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Term
| How often should soil samples be taken? |
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Definition
| Every 2-3 years at the same time |
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Term
| What are the 2 best times to test soil? |
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Definition
| Late fall and early spring |
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Term
| What should be the depth of a soil core for lawns? |
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Definition
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Term
| What should be the depth of a soil core for gardens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What should be the depth of a soil core for fruit trees? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the difference between a corrosive and caustic substance? |
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Definition
| Corrosive is caused by acid and caustic is caused by bases |
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Term
| What's the difference between saline and sodic soils? |
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Definition
| Saline soil consists of soluble salts, but not sodium |
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Term
| How do you fix saline soils? |
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Definition
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Term
| What element is a large molecule that helps with drainage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Improving drainage, elemental sulfur, gypsum, and calcium can be used to fix what type of soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What should you check for sodic soils? |
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Definition
| pH and electrical conductivity |
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Term
| Where are oxide clays commonly found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does humus decay into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Put these in the correct order: Fertilize, aerate, then overseed |
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Definition
| Aerate, overseed, then fertilize |
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Term
| Sand, silt, and clay are part of what pool? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to hydrogen concentration when pH goes down? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acidic or Alkaline: Less CEC, hydrogen takes up more space on CEC |
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Definition
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Term
| How much topsoil has been lost worldwide? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much more acidic is a pH of 5.0 than a pH of 6.0? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 types of lime used in agriculture? |
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Definition
| Calcite limestone, dolomitic limestone, burned lime, and hydrated lime |
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Term
| What is a soil's ability to change pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of soil has an EC of 4 or more? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of soil has an EC of 3.9 or less? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of soils have the worst structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do ammonium and nitrate make more of an impact on potting media or outdoor soils? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ammonium (NH4+) or Nitrate (NO3-): Which raises pH by exchanging for hydroxide (OH-)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ammonium (NH4+) or Nitrate (NO3-): Lowers pH, by exchanging for hydrogen (H+), increases hydrogen ion concentration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What holds the most nutrients per particle? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you fix low-fertility soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| Put these in order for holding the most amount of nutrients to the least: Silt, Clay, Sand, Humus |
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Definition
| Humus, clay, silt, then sand |
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Term
| Why do sandy soils need to be fertilized more often? |
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Definition
| Sand doesn't hold nutrients well |
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Term
| According to the video "The Soil Solution to Climate Change," what 3 factors can add carbon to the soil? |
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Definition
| Cover crops (mostly perennial grasses), cows (adding manure and divets for new plant growth, and chickens (Spread manure around, eat pest bugs, and add manure) |
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