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| Why is it important to classify the Soils? |
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Provide Universal Language
Organization of knowledge
Store Information
Highlight important properties |
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| Hierarchial grouping of soil bodies |
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| Soil Classification History |
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| First zonal-then U.S Classification then FO/UN World reference for soil- 1999 soil taxonomy available on line-2005 Keys (10th ed) to soil taxonomy |
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| Type of parent material; no number assumes one parent material |
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| Upper Case letter in naming |
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| additional information about horizon |
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| 12 orders in U.S.; defined on basis of horizons-Formative Element + sols ending |
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| based largely on moisture regime. Major environmental control |
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| Based on presence of certain kinds of horizons |
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| Based largely on particle size, mineralogy, temperature. Physical/chemical properties |
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| Based on wide set of properties; 19,000 series in U.S. |
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| Soil layer representative of a soil process or |
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| Laterization (translocation, transformation) migration of silica out of a horizon accumulating oxides |
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| Soils with permafrost within 100 cm or cryoturbation and permafrost within 200 cm- 9% of worlds ice free land |
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| Fossil fuel extraction, Subsistence-Init-Wilderness |
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| Permafrost;frost-stirring, ice segregation |
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| Soils with organic soil materials extending down to an impermeable layer or with an organic layer that is more than 40 cm thick without andic prperties |
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| Soils with a spodic horizon within 2m of soil surface and without andic properties. Dominant process is podzoliation. Low nutrition, low decomposition, high production of humic/fluvic acid. |
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| Soils with andic properties (low density, glass, pumice, short-range order minerals) |
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| Soils with an oxic horizon within 150 cm of the soil surface-dominant process is laterization |
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| Tropical forestry. Subsistence farming-"shifting agriculture" Low-intensity grazing. Intensive plantation agriculture-sugracane pineapples, bananas, coffee |
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| Soils with 30% or more clay to a depth of 50 cm and shrinking/ swelling. SMECTITE. |
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| Soils with an argillic or kandic horizon or fragipan and a base saturation of <35% at 2 m depth or 75 cm below a fragipan |
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| Soils with a mollic epipedon and a base saturation of >50% to an impermeable layer at 1.8 m from the soil surface. Prairie and forest soil |
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| Soils with an argillic, kandic or natric horizon or fragipan with clay skins |
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| Soils with a cambic, sulfuric, calcic, gypsis, petrocalcic, or petrogysic horizon, or with a mollic, umbric or histic epipedon, or with an exchangeable sodium percentage of >15% or a fragipan |
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| Loss of soil mainly by wind and water.-Converts soil into sediment. Starts a downward spiral to low productivity |
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| erosion is a part of weathering and soil formation so some erosion is inevitable. Presence of rich soils proves that for long time soil erosion was less than soil formation. Life on soil modifies conditions making erosion less. Idealy-limit erosion to the rate of soil formation |
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| Soil-loss tolerance is called the T-Value. Maximum rate of loss of soil without degrading long-term productivity. 2-5 tons/acre/yr |
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| Energy in rain drops falling at terminal velocity changes soils (detaches soil particles, destroys aggregate granulation, can transport soil from splash downhill, when soil dries crust often forms. ...Detachment-Transport-Deposition |
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| Universal soil loss equation. Wuantifies soil erosion. . Usle was based on thousands of measurements of runoff and sediment loss on standard plots at various locations across the U.S. |
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| rainfall erosivity. Erosive power of rainfall depends on rain intensity, duration and amount. Central Wisconsin=1700 |
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| Soils inherent susceptibility to erosion. Depends on infiltration capacity and strength of soil structure. Low value=.005, Medium=.03, High=.09 |
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| L and S (Erosion Equation) |
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| Both length and steepness combines (see graph for number) |
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| Cover and Management Factor- vegetation reduces soil erosion by protecting the soil surface. C is teh ratio of soil loss with vegetation divided by soil loss from bare, cultivated soil |
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| Erosion-control practices- defined practices that reduce soil loss. No control practices=0 |
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| trap sediments and nutrients in runoff, bank stabilization to improve stream quality. Tree-shaded streams provide cooler, more exygenated water. IMprove fish and wildlife habitat,. Native plant species reservoir. Sustain lake water quality |
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| Not a cure-all, take land out of agricultural production. Tree shaded banks promote bare soil and soil erosion. Weed reservoir. Habitat for undesirable specicies. |
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| Even if explained they might not understand. If you understand you ma be mistaken. KISS will get you no where. Never use numbers/names in hypothetical situations. Bad blood, don't ask federal agencies to change. Heated conversations are good. Can't satisfy all science demands. |
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| 80% of U.S. in urban areas esp. cities. Urbanized lind up from 51 million in 1982 to 79 million in 1997 |
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| Urban Soils (general Features) |
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| great spatial variablility. compaction leading to modified structure, presence of a surface crust on bare soil, usually through hydrophobic. Modified pH >7. restricted aeration and drainage. Interrupted nutrient cycling. Presence of manufactured materials and other contaminants. Modified temperature. |
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| Properties and pedogenesis domninated by technical origin. Significant amount of artifcats recognizable as human origin. sealed technic hard rock. Soils developed from wastes. Pavements with underlying onconsolidated materials. Soils with geomembranes and constructued soils in human mad. Many covered by natural soil material to permit re-vegetation. |
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