Term
| Most “tumors” in the oral cavity are? |
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Definition
-hyperplastic reactions to chronic irritation
-true neoplastic growths are uncommon |
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Term
| Where do benign neoplasms arise from? |
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Definition
| fibroblasts, endothelia, skeletal and smooth muscle, lipocytes, nerve sheaths and osteoblasts |
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Term
| What are connective tissue tumors like? |
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Definition
| slow growing, but can be aggressive and cause local destruction |
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Term
| How are connective tissue tumors spread? |
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Definition
| Spread via the vascular system, metastasis is more rapid and widespread |
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Term
| What are the most common benign tumors of Fibrous Connective Tissue? |
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Definition
| Reactive hyperplasias resulting from overzealous repair |
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Term
| What are benign tumors of fibrous connective tissue made of? |
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Definition
| Composed of collagen, endothelial cells, cementum and/or bone, or giant cells |
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Term
| Is a connective tissue tumor has been on the gingiva and you don’t know its exact histological nature, what is it called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of benign tumors of fibrous connective tissue? |
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Definition
-Fibroma
-Ossifying fibroma
-Pyogenic granuloma
-Giant cell granulomas |
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Term
| What is another name for a fibroma? What does it result from? |
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Definition
-Irritation or Traumatic Fibroma
-results from chronic trauma like cheek biting |
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Term
| What is a fibroma composed of? |
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Definition
| dense, scarlike CT with lots of collagen fibers and few blood vessels |
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Term
| What do fibromas look like? What is the treatment? |
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Definition
-Appear as a domelike growth with a smooth surface and normal color
-Treatment –excision, will not resolve spontaneously because excess collagen is permanent |
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Term
| What is a Epulis Fissuratum? What shape is it? |
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Definition
-A type of Irritation Fibroma caused by ill-fitting dentures
-Instead of being dome shaped, is elongated |
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Term
| What may the surface of Epulis Fissuratum do? Treatment? |
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Definition
-surface may ulcerate
-surgical excision |
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Term
| What is a Ossifying Fibroma? |
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Definition
| A reactive hyperplasia found on the gingiva, originate from the PDL where osteogenic and cementogenic cells are |
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Term
| How does an ossifying fibroma differ from a fibroma? |
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Definition
| Differs from the fibroma in that along with collagen are focal areas of osteoid/cementoid deposits |
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Term
| What is the treatment for an ossifying fibroma? |
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Definition
| excision along with thorough root planing |
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Term
| What is a Pyogenic Granuloma?How fast does it grow? |
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Definition
-Fast growing (can reach 1-2 cm within a week)
-Occur as exuberant granulation tissue in response to irritation |
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Term
| What do pyogenic granulomas look like? What are they often referred to as? Treatment? |
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Definition
-Extremely vascular and appear fiery red
-Often referred to as “Pregnancy Tumors” because they often occur during the second and third trimesters
-excision, recurrence common during pregnancy |
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Term
| What is a giant cell granuloma? |
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Definition
| A hyperplastic reaction of the gingival connective tissue but believed to originate from the PDL |
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Term
| What cells are seen with giant cell gramulomas? |
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Definition
| Chronic inflammatory cells seen –multinucleated Giant Cells along with well-vascularized connective tissue |
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Term
| Where do giant cell granulomas occur? What is the treatment? |
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Definition
-Occurs on the gingiva (Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma) and within bone (Central Giant Cell Granuloma)
-Treatment -excision |
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Term
|
Definition
| benign neoplasm of the fat cells |
|
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Term
| How do lipomas appear and feel? treatment? |
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Definition
-Appear as a well defined, movable swelling, with a yellowish coloration
-Feel soft on palpation
-Treatment -excision |
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|
Term
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Definition
-A proliferation of capillaries
-Some contain numerous small capillaries others contain large cavernous vessels
-Most are present at birth or arise soon after |
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Term
| What color are hemangiomas? How do they look? |
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Definition
-Color is blue-red or purple
-Can appear flat and large or raised and nodular
-Blanch on pressure because RBC are forced out of the vascular channels |
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Term
| What are hemangiomas that arise in adults represent? WHat are they called? |
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Definition
| Lesions that arise in adults represent venous dilations that may become hyperplastic (varicose veins) |
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Term
| What are some treatments of hemangiomas? |
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Definition
| left untreated, often spontaneously regress at puberty but if for cosmetic or functional reasons, surgical removal, laser therapy, or injection with sclerosing agents can be used |
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Term
| What are lymphangiomas? When do they arise? Where do they arise? |
|
Definition
-A benign proliferation of lymphatic vessels
-Most are present at birth
-Most common intraoral site is the tongue, also common to the neck |
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Term
| What are lymphangiomas on the neck called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the treatment of lymphangiomas? |
|
Definition
| often spontaneously disappear during puberty, if not and are bothersome, surgery, laser and cryosurgery are used but tend to recur |
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Term
| What is an osteoma? How may it appear clinically? |
|
Definition
-A benign tumor of normal-appearing compact bone
-May appear as nodules attached to the outer surface of bone or within bone |
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Term
| How do osteomas appear radiographically? What are they often associated with? |
|
Definition
-well defined radiopacity that measures 1-2 cm
-associated with Garners syndrome (supernumerary teeth) |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of osteomas? |
|
Definition
| surgical removal if cosmetically or functionally problematic |
|
|
Term
| What does "oma" indicate? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is fibrosarcoma? What do they feel like? |
|
Definition
-A malignant lesion of fibroblasts, aggressive and destructive, rapidly proliferate
-Are firm to palpation and fixed to adjacent tissue |
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Term
| What may fibrosarcomas become? Where can they arise? |
|
Definition
-may become ulcerated
-can arise within soft tissue or bone |
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Term
| How do fibrosarcomas metastasize? Treatment? |
|
Definition
-Metastasize through vascular route
-Treatment –radical wide resection –prognosis is poor |
|
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Term
| What is a kaposi sarcoma? |
|
Definition
| A unique angiosarcoma seen as “Classic Kaposi sarcoma” in elderly men or in those with HIV |
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Term
| Where do the lesions occur in the "Classic" and HIV related kaposi sarcoma? |
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Definition
| Lesions appear in the palate and lower extremities in “Classic” and the skin and oral cavity in HIV |
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Term
| What is the etiology of kaposi sarcoma? |
|
Definition
| Etiology of all forms is the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) or Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) |
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Term
| How do kaposi sarcoma lesions evolve? |
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Definition
| evolve through phases –beginning as a flat, macular plaque that is blue, red, or purple and progressing into a nodular tumor |
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Term
| What is the treatment for kaposi sarcoma? |
|
Definition
| often occurs at multiple sites, smaller lesions (less than 2 cm) often treated with injections of sclerosing agents or chemotherapy to shrink them |
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Term
| What is a osteosarcoma? Where is it most common? |
|
Definition
•
-Most common malignant tumor of bone
-Most common in long bones (femur, tibia, humerus) and in the young (average age 27)
-In oral cavity, jawbones most common site |
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Term
| What age is osteosarcoma seen in the jaw? How does it look clinically? |
|
Definition
-37
-swelling that is often painful, tooth mobility |
|
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Term
| How do osteosarcoma look radiographically? Treatment? 5 year survival rate? |
|
Definition
-varies from radiolucent to radiopaque, often describes as “sunburst” or “moth-eaten” as well as asymmetrical widening of the PDL
-Treatment –radical excision with chemotherapy.
-Metastasis common, 5 year survival rate about 20% |
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|
Term
| What is a chondrosarcoma? What is the peak incidence? |
|
Definition
-Uncommon malignant bone lesion
-Peak incidence, 30-40 years of age |
|
|
Term
| Where do most chondrosarcoma lesions appear? |
|
Definition
| Most lesions occur in the anterior maxilla where nasal cartilage is present or in premolar area of the mandible, site of embryonic Meckel’s cartilage |
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Term
| What is the radiopgraphic appearance and treatment of Radiographic appearance of chondrosarcomas? |
|
Definition
-Radiographic appearance depends on amount of calcification of the cartilaginous component “moth-eaten”
-Treatment –wide surgical excision along with chemo and radiation –5 year survival rate, 30% |
|
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Term
| What is a lymphoma? What are the 3 types? |
|
Definition
-Malignant tumor of lymphocyes
-3 types: Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, and Burkitt Lymphoma |
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Term
| How are lymphomas diagnosed? What determines the prognosis? |
|
Definition
-Diagnosed by what type of cells seen
-Clinical staging determines prognosis |
|
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Term
| What is the growth pattern of lymphomas? Which has a better prognosis? |
|
Definition
-Growth pattern can be as diffuse sheets of lymphoid cells or nodular clusters
-Nodular growth patterns carry a better prognosis |
|
|
Term
| What is Hodgkin's lymphoma? What age is it common in? |
|
Definition
-a malignancy of a lymphoid precursor cell, the REED-STERNBERG cell
-Common among 30 year olds |
|
|
Term
| What is nonhodgkin's lymphoma? Who is it seen in? |
|
Definition
-according to the American Cancer Society, accounts for 70% of lymphomas
-NO Reed-Sternberg cells seen
-Seen in older age group from Hodgkin’s |
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Term
| Who was burkitt lymphomas first seen in? What is it associated with? |
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Definition
| first seen in young children in Africa and is associated with Epstein Barr Virus. Seen in US as AIDS associated |
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Term
| What do lymph nodes with lymphoma feel like? What symptoms are they associated with? |
|
Definition
-firm and rubbery
-Often associated with low grade fever and night sweats |
|
|
Term
| What are some nodes that may be effected by lymphoma? Who is extranodual involvement seen in? |
|
Definition
-Liver, spleen, axillary and inguinal nodes may also become enlarged
-Extranodal (brain, oral cavity, gut) involvement often seen in those with HIV |
|
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Term
| What is the treatment of lymphoma? |
|
Definition
| Treatment depends on type and stage, usually multiregimented (chemo and radiation) |
|
|
Term
| What is multiple myeloma? How is it often diagnosed? |
|
Definition
-Neoplasm of B lymphocytes located within bone
-Often diagnosed by immunoglobulin secreted by these plasma cells (Bence Jones proteins) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to multiple myeloma? When is it commonly seen? What does it feel like? |
|
Definition
-Becomes disseminated, involving multiple skeletal sites
-Seen later in life (70’s most common)
-Deep bone pain, may simulate a toothache |
|
|
Term
| What do multiple myelomas look like radiographically? Treatment? |
|
Definition
-Radiographically see multiple, coin-shaped radiolucencies “moth-eaten”
-Treatment –chemo and radiation, poor prognosis |
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Term
| What are some examples of tumors of nerve tissue? What is the treatment of these? |
|
Definition
-Traumatic Neuroma
-Neurofibroma and Schwannoma (Neurilemoma)
-treatment is surgical removal |
|
|
Term
| What is traumatic neuroma? |
|
Definition
| a hyperplasia resulting when damaged nerve attempts to reunite with severed portion |
|
|
Term
| What is neurofibroma and schwannoma (Neurilemoma)? |
|
Definition
| benign neoplasms of Schwann cells (component of the CT sheath surrounding neurons) |
|
|
Term
| What is Multiple Neurofibromatosis? What is another name for it? |
|
Definition
-a potential malignancy, genetic disorder
-Also called Von Recklinghausen disease or “Elephant Man |
|
|
Term
| What does Multiple Neurofibromatosis look like? Size? |
|
Definition
-Multiple neurofibromas of the skin and mucosa
-Skin pigmentation associated “cafe au lait” often proceeds fibromas
-Nodules may range from mm to many cm, number varies from several to hundreds |
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|
Term
| How does multiple neurofibromatosis look radiopgrphically? Treatment? |
|
Definition
-Intraosseous lesions are well demarcated, unilocular or multilocular radiolucencies
-Treatment –surgical removal associated with malignant transformation so left untreated |
|
|
Term
| What are some benign tumors of the muscle? |
|
Definition
–Rhabdomyoma –striated muscle, most common site is the tongue
–Leiomyoma –smooth muscle surrounding arteries |
|
|
Term
| What are some malignant tumors of the muscle? |
|
Definition
-Rhabdomyosarcoma –usually seen in the periorbital tissue of children
–Grows rapidly, spreads, poor prognosis, not usually seen in oral cavity |
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