Native Americans

•  Indian population around 10 million that lived north of Mexico when Columbus came. Huge numbers of them died when whites came to the Americas due to diseases (like small pox). Number of Native Americans has continued to decline over the last few centuries. This is due to warfare in defense of their tribal lands and diseases brought by European settlers. Not counted in the decennial census until after 1890

White Anglo Saxon Protestant

• (WASP) until the middle of the nineteenth century, most of the population was white, of Anglo-Saxon ancestry. Classification of a group of people

Racial Composition

• %African Americans: 12.7%
• %Hispanics: 12.6%
• %Asian Americans: 3.8%
• %Native Americas: 2.5%
• %Non-Hispanic whites: 69.7%

Metropolitan Areas

• A large concentration of population usually consisting of a central city (or cities) of at least 50,000 people and the surrounding settlements

Demobilization

• To discharge from military service or use or to disband (troops)
• Caused fertility to increase as men return home and renew the process of family formation

Population Aging

• Population can get younger or older
• The increase in the proportion of the population that is old, usually defined as persons of ages 60 and older, or as person 65 or older

Percentages of Elderly

• 2000: 12.4%
• 2010: 13.0%
• 2020: 16.3%
• 2030: 19.7%
• 2040: 20.4%
• 2050: 20.6%

Countries with large # and % of elderly

• Italy, Japan, Greece, Germany, Belgium

Trends in Marriage

• Reduced rates of marriage --> Rate of married us adults 25-34 dropped by 10 percent in the last 10 years
• Voluntary childlessness --> Modern societies offer people many other satisfactions & choices outside of the family (More educated)
• Trends in marital status 1970-2000 (females; similar for male)
• Decline % --> Married, Widowed
• Increased % --> never married, Divorced
• Trends in Median age at 1^st marriage-->Baby boomers, Males get married at later age than females

Marriage Squeeze

• Imbalance of individuals in marriageable age groups, along with norms about ages of brides & grooms (Males marry younger females)
• Higher pool of eligibles by:
• Breakdown of localism
• Population mobility
• Higher communication and transportation
• High divorce rates
• High widowhood rates
• Relaxing exogamy limitations
• Intermarriage by race, SES, age, religion, nativity, sex

Total Fertility Rate

• (TFR) a usually cross sectional estimate of the # of births that a hypothetical group of 100 women would have during their reproductive lifetime.
• After the Baby boom era, fertility continued to drop from record high of 3.7 to a low of 2.0 and has hovered around 2.1/2.2. 

Causes for Fertility Decline

• Unsettled economic conditions that began in 1960 that postponed marriage and childbearing, people no longer felt like they could afford children.

  Also just explained as due to “modernity” --> we live in a varying world today where knowing the course of the future is nearly impossible

Illegal Immigration

• People residing in a country illegally through entry without inspection or through the use of fraudulent documentation.
• There is very little data surrounding illegal immigration in the 1800 because no immigration laws existed during this time.
• Not illegal (also called unauthorized or irregular) immigration movements especially from Mexico are very significant but difficult to provide precise numbers. This has cause a lot of tension in the US

Most Populous Countries

• China, India, United States, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Nigeria, Japan

Urban vs. Rural

• Rural: economy tends to be overwhelmingly agricultural, behavior and relationships more or less follow mechanical rules and approaches, roles are not complex and are few in number. Higher rates of fertility but education attainment are lower.
• Urban: more likely to be diversified and nonagricultural, there are many roles and there is a division of labor leading to an “organic” lifestyle (meaning one with increasing complexities & differences) high rates of education attainment through the use of technology

Demographic Process Variations

• Geographic facts (climate, terrain & soils, and natural resources) economic, social, and political actors and rates of the population chance through mortality, fertility, and migration.
• The factors continue to contribute to the distribution of the world’s population.

Urbanization

• Refers to an increase in the percent of a regions or countries population living in an urban area. Change in proportion of a population living in urban places. There must be a surplus of farm products, a means of transportation to send the food items or whatever the farms produce, and third there must be a sufficiently developed technology in the urban area to use the farm product and to provide employment in the urban area.
• Examples: Developed transportation systems- Water in the early 19^th century (Boston, NY), Rail in 19^th century (Atlanta, Denver) Highways in 20^th century, Air

Factors that Contribute to Urbanization

• Internal rural-to-urban migration --> Major force in MDCs and LDCs (LDCs don’t lose rural population because of natural increase)
• Natural increase --> but fertility higher in urban areas
• International urban migration --> most international migrants move to cities
• Reclassification of places from rural to urban --> rural area may grow to be classified as urban (2500+) annexation (Houston)

Center of Population

• Determined as the place where an imaginary, flat, weightless, and rigid map of the United States would balance perfectly if all residents were of identical weights. In 1790 the center was located in the upper portion of the Chesapeake Bay. By 1970 the center was in St. Clair county in Illinois and in 2000 the center is now in Phelps County, Missouri between St. Louis and Kansas City

Transportation Sources

• Water was main sources of transportation; Horses & wagons were not capable of moving large amounts of materials.
• Railroad era brought a lot of growth, Then automobile and construction of the interstate system and finally airway transportation

Distribution of U.S. Population

• The US is divided into four regions and nine decisions. The nation’s population is concentrated in the eastern third of the land. Vast proportions of the land remain sparely populated.
• Region (2000): % of total
• Northeast- 19.0%
• Midwest- 22.9%
• South- 35.6%
• West- 22.5%

Metropolitan Areas

• A large concentration of population usually consisting of a central city (or cities) of at least 50,000 people and the surrounding settlements

Gentrification

• The buying & renovating of houses & stores in deteriorated urban neighborhoods by upper or middle income families or individuals, thus improving property values but often displacing low-income families and small business

Sustainability of Cities

• Urban cities must have a food source, transportation for these products, technology for food sources and to create jobs.  

Percentage Urban Worldwide

• 49% of the world is Urban

Residential Succession

• Composition of area changes over time: race/ethnicity, age, sex, sexual orientation, SES.

Reverse Polarization

• Loses attraction. Residents go elsewhere (ex: Detroit).

White Flight

• The massive out-migration to the suburbs from the core cities of the mostly white middle and upper class.   

Megalopolis

• A popular term referring to any densely populated social and economic area encompassing two or more contiguous metropolitan areas and the increasingly urbanized space between them.

Majority-Minority

• More than half the population being of a group other than single-race, non-Hispanic White.

% Growth of Race/ethnic groups

• Continual growth in race/ethnic groups, continuing growth of majority-minority states. 

Pluralistic Assimilation

• Multiracial and multiethnic groups may maintain their identity at the same time that they become assimilated into the ever-changing mainstream American Society.
• Pluralism means society allows its constituted ethnic groups to develop, each emphasizing its own cultural heritage, assimilation assumes that the new groups will take on the culture and values of the host society and gradually discard their own.  

Cultural Adaptation

• Residents of and newcomers to an area must adapt to a new social situation that results from group interaction. 

Cultural Separatism

• The theory that newcomers are socially isolated from the residents either through their own volition or through separatist practices of the host group.  

Cultural Amalgamation

• The theory that a new society and culture result from the massive intermingling and intermarriage of two or more groups. 

Melting Pot

• The theory stating that the host and immigrant groups share each other’s cultures and, in the process, a new group emerges.  

Negative Population Momentum

• When there the population change is declining due to the unavailability of mothers who are of age to bear enough children.
• This is happening in European countries where mothers are not having as many children and there is a small amount of mothers to begin with so the population is continuing to decrease.    

Violence In Africa

• Violence in Africa due to apartheid from 1948-1994, continual tension in South Africa with migrants working there and “taking jobs”.

HIV/AIDS in Africa

• Huge problem, high prevalence, extremely widespread

Replacement Level Fertility

• 70+ countries are below replacement level. 

One-Child Campaign

• Policy in China where families were encouraged to plan childbirth and only have one child to slow population growth.

Comstock Act

• Banned forms of birth control as well as abortion. Made it illegal to advertise about birth control as well.  

USAID-Global Gag Rule

• Foreign organizations that receive US family planning assistance cannot provide information, referrals, or services for legal abortion in their country even if they use non-US funds.